Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovaľь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From *kovàti (“to hew, to forge”) +‎ *-aľь (“deverbal”).

Noun

*kovàľь m

blacksmith

Declension

Declension of *kovaľь (soft o-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kovaľь	*kovaľa	*kovaľi
Accusative	*kovaľь	*kovaľa	*kovaľę̇
Genitive	*kovaľa	*kovaľu	*kovaľь
Locative	*kovaľi	*kovaľu	*kovaľixъ
Dative	*kovaľu	*kovaľema	*kovaľemъ
Instrumental	kovaľьmь, kovaľemь^*	*kovaľema	*kovaľi
Vocative	*kovaľu	*kovaľa	*kovaľi

^* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*kovàlikъ (diminutive)

Related terms

*kovačь, *kovьcь (“blacksmith”)
*kuznьcь (“forger, artisan”)
*kovařь (“forger”)
*kovylь (“needle grass”)
*kyjь (“hammer, club”)
*kovadlo (“forging press”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: кова́ль (koválĭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: кова́ль (koválʹ), кова́лъ (kovál)
    - Belarusian: кава́ль (kaválʹ)
    - Ukrainian: кова́ль (koválʹ)
      - → Bulgarian: кова́л’ (kovál’) (dialectal, archaic)
  - Russian: ко́ва́ль (kóválʹ) (dialectal, regional)
West Slavic:
- Czech: koval (“click beetle”) (dialectal)
- Kashubian: kòwôl
- Polish: kowal; koval (dialectal)
- Silesian: kowŏl
- Slovak: kovál' (dialectal)
- Slovincian: kovål, kʉ̀ɵ̯vȯl, ku̯óvωl
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: kowal