< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kosa
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kāˀsā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to comb, scratch”). Cognate with Lithuanian kasa (“braid”) and akin to Old Prussian kexti (“braided hair”).
Noun
*kosà f[1][2]
- hair
- braided hair
Declension
Declension of *kosà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *kosà | *kȍsě | *kȍsy |
Accusative | *kȍsǫ | *kȍsě | *kȍsy |
Genitive | *kosý | *kosù | *kòsъ |
Locative | *kȍsě | *kosù | *kosàsъ, *kosàxъ* |
Dative | *kosě̀ | *kosàma | *kosàmъ |
Instrumental | *kosojǫ́ | *kosàma | *kosàmi |
Vocative | *koso | *kȍsě | *kȍsy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
Related terms
- *česati (“to scratch (one's hair), to comb”)
- *česadlo (“comb, scratcher”)
- *česalъka (“tool for scratching”)
- *česanъ (“combed”)
- *kosmъ (“lock of hair”)
- *kozina (“fur”)
- *kosъ (“haired”) (as part of compound adjectives)
- *rusokosъ (“blond-haired”)
- *tьmьnokosъ (“dark-haired”)
- *bělokosъ (“white-haired, grizzled”)
- *čęstokosъ (“with thick hair”)
- *kosovatъ (“with bulky hair”)
Derived terms
- *kosopadъ (“hair loss”)
- *kosopasъ (“disease/infection affecting the scalp, favus”)
- *kosapъ (“knob, lump on one's scalp (result of infection or deformation)”)
- *kosatъ (“hairy, shaggy”)
- *kosakъ (“strand, tuft”)
- *kosorь
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: коса (kosa)
- Belarusian: каса́ (kasá)
- Russian: коса́ (kosá)
- → Kildin Sami: коассь (kåss’)
- Ukrainian: коса́ (kosá)
- Old East Slavic: коса (kosa)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: коса (kosa)
- Bulgarian: коса́ (kosá)
- Macedonian: коса (kosa)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: ко̀са
- Latin: kòsa
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: kosa
- Old Polish: kosa
- Polish: kosa (dialectal)
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: kósy pl
- Upper Sorbian: kosa
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “коса”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kosa I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 131
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1979), “коса¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 653
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kosà I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 238: “f. ā (c) ‘hair, braided hair’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “kosa kosy”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c braid; combed hair (NA 88, 141; SA 24; PR 138)”
Etymology 2
Either etymologically identical with *kosa (“hair”) or from Proto-Indo-European *ḱos-, o-grade of *ḱes- (“to cut”), via depalatalization *ḱ → *k. Possibly related to Latin cassus (“hollow, lacking”), Latin castrō (“to castrate”), Sanskrit शस्त्र (śastra, “sword, dagger”).
Noun
*kosà f[1][2][3]
- scythe
Declension
Declension of *kosà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *kosà | *kòsě | *kosỳ |
Accusative | *kosǫ̀ | *kòsě | *kosỳ |
Genitive | *kosỳ | *kosù | *kòsъ |
Locative | *kosě̀ | *kosù | *kosàsъ, *kosàxъ* |
Dative | *kosě̀ | *kosàma | *kosàmъ |
Instrumental | *kosòjǫ, *kòsǫ** | *kosàma | *kosàmī |
Vocative | *koso | *kòsě | *kosỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Related terms
- *xudъ (“weak, meager”)
- *sъkosenъ (“cut off, shortened, amputated”)
- *kosъ (“skew, slanted”)
- *kosvenъ (“oblique, indirect”)
Derived terms
- *kositi (“to mow”)
- *kositьba (“mowing”)
- *kosařь (“mower”)
- *kosьcь (“mower”)
- *kosica (“scalpel”) (diminutive)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: коса (kosa)
- Belarusian: каса́ (kasá)
- Russian: коса́ (kosá)
- → Kildin Sami: ко̄сс (kōss)
- Ukrainian: коса́ (kosá)
- Old East Slavic: коса (kosa)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: коса (kosa)
- → Greek: κόσα (kósa)
- ⇒ Romanian: coasă
- → Aromanian: coasã
- → Albanian: kosë
- Bulgarian: коса́ (kosá)
- Macedonian: коса (kosa)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: ко̀са
- Latin: kòsa
- Slovene: kósa (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic: коса (kosa)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: kosa
- Czech: kosa
- Kashubian: kòsa
- Polabian: ťösă
- Polish: kosa
- Slovak: kosa
- Slovincian: kʉ̀ɵ̯să
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: kósa
- Upper Sorbian: kosa
- Old Czech: kosa
- Non-Slavic:
- → Proto-Finnic: *kassa
- → Hungarian: kasza
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “коса”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kosa II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 131
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1979), “коса²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 655
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kosà II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 238: “f. ā (b) ‘scythe’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “kosa kosy”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (NA 90, 141; SA 20, 156); c (PR 138) scythe, curved blade”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “kósa”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*kosa̋”