< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jistъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Alternative reconstructions
- *jьstъ (ESSJa[1], Derksen[2])
- *istъ (Olander[3])
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ī́ˀstas, cognate with Latvian ĩsts (“true”) (whence also ĩstens, ĩstans), as well as Latin Istaevōnēs (name of an ancient Germanic tribe). Further origin uncertain:
- Vasmer relates Latvian īksts, Lithuanian áiškus (“clear”) (also attested as ýškus, éiškus, ýskus, ìščias), Old Armenian իսկ (isk, “in reality”), which are in turn related to Proto-Slavic *ěsnъ (“clear”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to prompt, to gauge”) whence (amongst others) Ancient Greek αἰτῐ́ᾱ (aitíā, “cause, reason”).
- Stang proposes a connection to Sanskrit ईशे (ī́śe, “I am in possession”), ईशान m (īśāná, “lord, wealthy”), Proto-Germanic *aiganaz (“own”) (Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽 n (aigin, “property”), 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (aigan, “to own, to have”), Old High German eigan (“own”), English own). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to possess”).
- Toporov, Trubačev consider primary meaning "same", perhaps cognate with Latin iste (“that (of yours)”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (referential particle) + *tó (“the, that”)
- Meillet, Snoj suggest derivation from pre-Slavic *ēisth₂os < *h₁ēi (augment, loc. case) + *-stъ.
Adjective
*jìstъ[4]
- true, genuine, real, authentic
- same, identical
Declension
Indefinite declension of *jistъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *jistъ | *jista | *jisto |
| Accusative | *jistъ | *jistǫ | *jisto |
| Genitive | *jista | *jisty | *jista |
| Locative | *jistě | *jistě | *jistě |
| Dative | *jistu | *jistě | *jistu |
| Instrumental | *jistomь | *jistojǫ | *jistomь |
| Vocative | *jiste | *jisto | *jisto |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *jista | *jistě | *jistě |
| Accusative | *jista | *jistě | *jistě |
| Genitive | *jistu | *jistu | *jistu |
| Locative | *jistu | *jistu | *jistu |
| Dative | *jistoma | *jistama | *jistoma |
| Instrumental | *jistoma | *jistama | *jistoma |
| Vocative | *jista | *jistě | *jistě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *jisti | *jisty | *jista |
| Accusative | *jisty | *jisty | *jista |
| Genitive | *jistъ | *jistъ | *jistъ |
| Locative | *jistěxъ | *jistaxъ | *jistěxъ |
| Dative | *jistomъ | *jistamъ | *jistomъ |
| Instrumental | *jisty | *jistami | *jisty |
| Vocative | *jisti | *jisty | *jista |
Definite declension of *jistъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *jistъjь | *jistaja | *jistoje |
| Accusative | *jistъjь | *jistǫjǫ | *jistoje |
| Genitive | *jistajego | *jistyję | *jistajego |
| Locative | *jistějemь | *jistěji | *jistějemь |
| Dative | *jistujemu | *jistěji | *jistujemu |
| Instrumental | *jistyjimi | *jistǫjǫ | *jistyjimi |
| Vocative | *jistъjь | *jistaja | *jistoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *jistaja | *jistěji | *jistěji |
| Accusative | *jistaja | *jistěji | *jistěji |
| Genitive | *jistuju | *jistuju | *jistuju |
| Locative | *jistuju | *jistuju | *jistuju |
| Dative | *jistyjima | *jistyjima | *jistyjima |
| Instrumental | *jistyjima | *jistyjima | *jistyjima |
| Vocative | *jistaja | *jistěji | *jistěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *jistiji | *jistyję | *jistaja |
| Accusative | *jistyję | *jistyję | *jistaja |
| Genitive | *jistъjixъ | *jistъjixъ | *jistъjixъ |
| Locative | *jistyjixъ | *jistyjixъ | *jistyjixъ |
| Dative | *jistyjimъ | *jistyjimъ | *jistyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *jistyjimi | *jistyjimi | *jistyjimi |
| Vocative | *jistiji | *jistyję | *jistaja |
Synonyms
- *věrьnъ, *pravъ, *ščirъ, *rěsnъ, *ěsnъ
Derived terms
- *nejistъ, *nejistovъ
- *jisto / *jьsto (“property, capital”)
- *jistiti / to claim, to assert
- *jistьcь / *jьstьcь (“plaintiff”)
- *jistina / *jьstina (“truth, actuality”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: истꙑи (istyj)
- Old Belarusian: истыи (istyj)
- Russian: и́стый (ístyj, “true, real”)
- Ukrainian: істи́й (istýj)
- Old East Slavic: истꙑи (istyj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: истъ (istŭ, “true, real”)
- Bulgarian: ист (ist), и́сти (ísti, “the same”)
- Macedonian: ист (ist, “the same”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: и̏стӣ (“the same”)
- Latin: ȉstī (“the same”)
- Slovene: ȋsti (“the same”) (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: jistý
- Czech: jistý
- Moravian (Mistřice): istí
- Czech: jistý
- Old Polish: ist, isty
- Polish: isty, histy, ist
- Silesian: isty
- Slovak: istý
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: jisty
- Old Czech: jistý
References
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jьstъjь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 246
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*jь̀stъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215: “adj. o (a) ‘true, genuine’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “istъ ista isto”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 144, 146; PR 133)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “isti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *ji̋stъ”
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “и́стый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1979), “исти”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 90