Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ivo

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Resulted from the fossilization of proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the Caland system's suffixes, attached to yé-denominative (e.g. in the case of *bělivo (“bleach”) ← *běliti ← *bělъ) or éye-causative (e.g. in the case of *gorivo (“fuel”) ← *gorěti) verbs.

The original suffix survives in adjectives like *lěvъ (“left”) (ultimately from the same proto-root as *lajati (“to ambush, to lurk”)) and nouns like *glěvъ (“slime”) or *griva (“mane”).

Suffix

*-ivo n

Forms instrumental and resultant terms from verb stems:
*melivo ← *melti
*prędivo ← *pręsti
*mazivo ← *mazati?
*lazivo ← *laziti
*sętivo ← *sętiti
*sěčivo ← *sěťi

Declension

Declension of *-ivo (hard o-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*-ivo	*-ivě	*-iva
Accusative	*-ivo	*-ivě	*-iva
Genitive	*-iva	*-ivu	*-ivъ
Locative	*-ivě	*-ivu	*-ivěxъ
Dative	*-ivu	*-ivoma	*-ivomъ
Instrumental	-ivъmь, -ivomь^*	*-ivoma	*-ivy
Vocative	*-ivo	*-ivě	*-iva

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ivo

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -иво (-ivo)
  - Belarusian: -іва (-iva)
  - Russian: -иво/-ево n (-ivo/-jevo)3, -ива f (-iva)
  - Ukrainian: -иво/-ево (-yvo/-evo)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: -иво/-и́во (-ivo/-ívo)
- Macedonian: -иво (-ivo)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: -ӣво/-и̑во/-иво
  Latin: -īvo/-ȋvo/-ivo
- Slovene: -ivo/-ȋvo n, -iva f
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: -ivo n, -iva f
  - Czech: -ivo n, -iva f
- Old Polish: -iwo
  - Polish: -iwo n, -iwa f
- Slovak: -ivo