Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gvězda

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Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gvězda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gwaizdāˀ / *źwaizdāˀ (*gwaiźdāˀ / *źwaiźdāˀ?), from Proto-Indo-European:

• Derksen: *ǵʰwoyǵʰ-dʰeh₁- / *ǵʰwoydʰ-dʰeh₁-.
• ЭССЯ: *ǵʰwoy-stā (“standing luminary”), from *ǵʰwoy- (var. *gʷʰay-) + *stā- (“to stand”) (cf. *stē̆r-).
• Vasmer: probably last syllable contains *dʰē- (“to put, place”)
• Pokorny: *ǵʰwoygʷ-(e)s-d-ā (-(e)s- stem, *-d(ā)), from *ǵʰwoygʷ- (“to shine; star”).

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian žvaigždė̃, Samogitian žvaiždie, Latvian zvàigzne, Old Prussian Asg. swāigstan.

Indo-European cognates include Ossetian ӕвзи́ст (ævzíst) / ӕвзестӕ (ævzestæ, “silver”) (< Old Ossetic *zvestæ).

Noun

*gvě̄zdà f[1][2]

1. star

Inflection

Declension of *gvě̄zdà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*gvě̄zdà	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ
Accusative	*gvě̄zdǫ̀	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ
Genitive	*gvě̄zdỳ	*gvě̄zdù	*gvě̃zdъ
Locative	*gvě̄zdě̀	*gvě̄zdù	*gvě̄zdàsъ, *gvě̄zdàxъ*
Dative	*gvě̄zdě̀	*gvě̄zdàma	*gvě̄zdàmъ
Instrumental	*gvě̄zdòjǫ, *gvě̃zdǫ**	*gvě̄zdàma	*gvě̄zdàmī
Vocative	*gvězdo	*gvě̃zdě	*gvě̄zdỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms

• *zvězda

Derived terms

• *gvězdatъ
• *gvězdьnъ

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: звѣзда (zvězda)
    • Belarusian: звязда́ (zvjazdá) (archaic)
    • Russian: звезда́ (zvezdá)
    • Rusyn: звізда́ (zvizdá)
    • Old Ukrainian: звѣзда (zvězda)
      • Ukrainian: звізда́ (zvizdá) (archaic)
  • Old Novgorodian: *гвѣзда (*gvězda)
    • ⇒ Old Novgorodian: гвѣздка (gvězdka)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: ѕвѣзда (dzvězda), звѣзда (zvězda)

    Glagolitic: ⰷⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (dzvězda), ⰸⰲⱑⰸⰴⰰ (zvězda)

    • Church Slavonic: звѣзда (zvězda) (Russian)
  • Bulgarian: звезда́ (zvezdá), звя́зда (zvjázda) (dialectal), дзвя́зда (dzvjázda) (dialectal)
  • Macedonian: ѕвезда (dzvezda)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: зве́зда, звије́зда, зви́зда

    Latin: zvézda, zvijézda, zvízda

  • Slovene: zvẹ́zda (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: hvězda
    • Czech: hvězda
      • Bohemian (Chod dialect): vězda
  • Kashubian: gwiôzda
  • Polabian: gjozdă
  • Polish: gwiazda, gwiázda (obsolete or dialectal)
  • Silesian: gwiŏzda
  • Slovak: hviezda
  • Slovincian: gvjǻu̯zdă
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: hwězda
    • Lower Sorbian: gwězda

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “звезда”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. (1993), “звезда”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 319
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gvězda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 181

References

1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gvě̄zdà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 195: “f. ā (b) ‘star’”
2. Olander, Thomas (2001), “gvězda gvězdy”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (NA 91f., 141; SA 20, 156); b/c (PR 138) star”