< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/grupa
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Uncertain. For semantic reasons, often compared[1] to Proto-Slavic *grubъ (“rough, tough”) and Proto-Slavic *gruda (“lump”), Proto-Slavic *gruzdь (“fungus; spec. milk-cap mushroom”), Proto-Slavic *gruša (“ground grain, gravel”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrēw- (“to clump together ground material”). Under this etymology, akin (via other extensions) to Proto-Germanic *grunduz (“ground”), Proto-Germanic *greutą (“grit”), and Ancient Greek χρῶμᾰ (khrôma, “skin, complexion”).
In most daughter languages, a homonymous lemma with similar meaning was introduced from Italian gruppo (“group, cluster”) (via German) which has surpassed the native Slavic term.
Noun
*grupa f
- clump, heap (of earth)
- → multiple, bunch
Declension
Declension of *grupa (hard a-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *grupa | *grupě | *grupy |
| Accusative | *grupǫ | *grupě | *grupy |
| Genitive | *grupy | *grupu | *grupъ |
| Locative | *grupě | *grupu | *grupasъ, *grupaxъ* |
| Dative | *grupě | *grupama | *grupamъ |
| Instrumental | *grupojǫ, *grupǫ** | *grupama | *grupami |
| Vocative | *grupo | *grupě | *grupy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Related terms
- *gruda (“clump”) (perhaps)
- *gruta (“pile (of flax)”) (perhaps)
- *grubъ (“rough, tough”) (perhaps)
- *gruša (“ground grain, gravel”) (perhaps)
- South Slavic *grižь (“thick cloth, greatcoat”) (possibly, via éy-extension)
Descendants
- West Slavic:
- Polish: dial. grupa
- Slovincian: grȧ̃pă, grëpa
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “группа”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “гру̀па”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 287
References
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*grupa?”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), volume 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 155