< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).
Noun
*grùda f[1][2][3][4]
- heap, lump
Alternative reconstructions
- *grǫda
- *grudъ m
- *grudь f
Inflection
Declension of *grùda (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *grùda | *grùdě | *grùdy |
| Accusative | *grùdǫ | *grùdě | *grùdy |
| Genitive | *grùdy | *grùdu | *grùdъ |
| Locative | *grùdě | *grùdu | *grùdasъ, *grùdaxъ* |
| Dative | *grùdě | *grùdama | *grùdamъ |
| Instrumental | *grùdojǫ, *grùdǭ** | *grùdama | *grùdamī |
| Vocative | *grùdo | *grùdě | *grùdy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *gruditi (“to lump, to pile”)
- *grudati (“to clump together”)
- *grudъka (“tuber (of plants)”)
- *grudьnъ (“heinous, lousy; November, late autumn”)
- *grumę (“bush, shrub”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)
- Russian: гру́да (grúda)
- Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)
- South Slavic:
- ⇒ Bulgarian: грудка (grudka)
- ⇒ Macedonian: грутка (grutka)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: гру̏да
- Latin: grȕda
- Slovene: grúda (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: hrúda
- Czech: hrouda
- Bohemian (Chod dialect): rouda
- Moravian (Mistřice): hruda
- Czech: hrouda
- Kashubian: grëda
- Old Polish: grąd
- Polish: gruda
- Slovak: hruda
- Old Czech: hrúda
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “груда”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*grudъ/*gruda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 153
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “груда”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 286
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*grǫ̀da; *grǫdъ; *grùda; *grudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “f. ā; m. o; f. ā (a) ‘heap, lump’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “gruda”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 155; RPT 107, 110)”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “grǫdъ grǫda”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hill (NA 122; SA 21)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “grúda”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*grűda”