< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/grozьnъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *groza + *-ьnъ, speculated to be of onomatopaeic origin[1]. Cognate with Lithuanian gražus (“beautiful”), Latvian grezns (“splendid”) and possibly akin to Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “terrifying”), Irish garg (“harsh, wild”).
Adjective
*grozьnъ[2]
- terrible, disgusting
- enormous
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *grozьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *grozьnъ | *grozьna | *grozьno |
| Accusative | *grozьnъ | *grozьnǫ | *grozьno |
| Genitive | *grozьna | *grozьny | *grozьna |
| Locative | *grozьně | *grozьně | *grozьně |
| Dative | *grozьnu | *grozьně | *grozьnu |
| Instrumental | *grozьnomь | *grozьnojǫ | *grozьnomь |
| Vocative | *grozьne | *grozьno | *grozьno |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *grozьna | *grozьně | *grozьně |
| Accusative | *grozьna | *grozьně | *grozьně |
| Genitive | *grozьnu | *grozьnu | *grozьnu |
| Locative | *grozьnu | *grozьnu | *grozьnu |
| Dative | *grozьnoma | *grozьnama | *grozьnoma |
| Instrumental | *grozьnoma | *grozьnama | *grozьnoma |
| Vocative | *grozьna | *grozьně | *grozьně |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *grozьni | *grozьny | *grozьna |
| Accusative | *grozьny | *grozьny | *grozьna |
| Genitive | *grozьnъ | *grozьnъ | *grozьnъ |
| Locative | *grozьněxъ | *grozьnaxъ | *grozьněxъ |
| Dative | *grozьnomъ | *grozьnamъ | *grozьnomъ |
| Instrumental | *grozьny | *grozьnami | *grozьny |
| Vocative | *grozьni | *grozьny | *grozьna |
Definite declension of *grozьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *grozьnъjь | *grozьnaja | *grozьnoje |
| Accusative | *grozьnъjь | *grozьnǫjǫ | *grozьnoje |
| Genitive | *grozьnajego | *grozьnyję | *grozьnajego |
| Locative | *grozьnějemь | *grozьněji | *grozьnějemь |
| Dative | *grozьnujemu | *grozьněji | *grozьnujemu |
| Instrumental | *grozьnyjimi | *grozьnǫjǫ | *grozьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *grozьnъjь | *grozьnaja | *grozьnoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *grozьnaja | *grozьněji | *grozьněji |
| Accusative | *grozьnaja | *grozьněji | *grozьněji |
| Genitive | *grozьnuju | *grozьnuju | *grozьnuju |
| Locative | *grozьnuju | *grozьnuju | *grozьnuju |
| Dative | *grozьnyjima | *grozьnyjima | *grozьnyjima |
| Instrumental | *grozьnyjima | *grozьnyjima | *grozьnyjima |
| Vocative | *grozьnaja | *grozьněji | *grozьněji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *grozьniji | *grozьnyję | *grozьnaja |
| Accusative | *grozьnyję | *grozьnyję | *grozьnaja |
| Genitive | *grozьnъjixъ | *grozьnъjixъ | *grozьnъjixъ |
| Locative | *grozьnyjixъ | *grozьnyjixъ | *grozьnyjixъ |
| Dative | *grozьnyjimъ | *grozьnyjimъ | *grozьnyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *grozьnyjimi | *grozьnyjimi | *grozьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *grozьniji | *grozьnyję | *grozьnaja |
Derived terms
- *grozьnikъ (“ugly, disgusting creature or person”)
- *grozьnostь (“ugliness, disgust”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: гро́зны (hrózny)
- Russian: гро́зный (gróznyj)
- Ukrainian: грі́зний (hríznyj)
- South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: грозен (grozen)
- Macedonian: грозен (grozen)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: гро̑зан
- Latin: grȏzan
- Slovene: grȏzen
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: hrozný
- Czech: hrozný
- Polish: groźny
- Polabian: grüzně
- Slovak: hrozný
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: hrozny (“enormous”)
- Old Czech: hrozný
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*grozьnъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 144
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “грозен”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 284
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “grȏzen”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si
References
- Ж. Колева (2011): Этимологические заметки о слав. *grozьnъ(jь) ‘страшный; уродливый, некрасивый’ и лит. gražus ‘красивый’ (in Russian), Debrecen
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*grozьnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “adj. o ‘terrible’”