< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/groziti
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *graź-. Cognate with Lithuanian gražóti (“to threaten”), Latvian gręzôt (“to threaten”). Vasmer adds as possible candidates Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “terrible”), Γοργώ (Gorgṓ, “gorgon”), Irish garg, gargg (“harsh, wild”), gráin (“disgrace”) < *gragnis; however, Derksen rejects the comparison with γοργός (gorgós) as "formally impossible". Chernykh notes that Lithuanian grasà (“threat”), grasùs (“threatening”), grasìnti (“to threaten”) are often given as cognates, but the comparison is difficult because of the mismatch between Lithuanian s and Slavic *z.
Verb
*grozìti impf[1]
- to threaten
Inflection
Conjugation of *groziti, *grozi, *grozitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *groženьje | *groziti | *grozitъ | *grozilъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *groženъ | *grozimъ |
| Active | *grožь | *grozę |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *grozixъ | *grozi | *grozi | *grožǫ | *groziši | *grozitь |
| Dual | *grozixově | *grozista | *groziste | *grozivě | *grozita | *grozite |
| Plural | *grozixomъ | *groziste | *grozišę | *grozimъ | *grozite | *grozętь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *grožaaxъ | *grožaaše | *grožaaše | — | *grozi | *grozi |
| Dual | *grožaaxově | *grožaašeta | *grožaašete | *grozivě | *grozita | — |
| Plural | *grožaaxomъ | *grožaašete | *grožaaxǫ | *grozimъ | *grozite | — |
- Notes:
- (*)*grozivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle
Related terms
- *grozà (“horror”)
- *grozьnъ (“terrible”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: грозити (groziti) (10th century)
- Belarusian: гразі́ць (hrazícʹ)
- Russian: грози́ть (grozítʹ)
- Ukrainian: грози́ти (hrozýty)
- Old East Slavic: грозити (groziti) (10th century)
- South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: грозя́ (grozjá)
- Macedonian: грози (grozi)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: гро̀зити, гро́зити
- Latin: gròziti, gróziti
- Slovene: grozīti (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Czech: hrozit
- Polish: grozić
- Slovak: hroziť
- Slovincian: grʉ̀ɵ̯žĕc
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: hrozyć
- Lower Sorbian: grozyś
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “гроза́”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 219
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*groziti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 143
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “гроза́”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*grozìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 191: “v. (c) ‘threaten’”