Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/govorъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawaras, from Proto-Indo-European *gowH-oro-s, from *g⁽ʷ⁾ewH- (“to call, name”). Cognate with Latvian gaura (“chatter”). Cognate with Sanskrit जोगुवे (jóguve, “to call, to invoke”), Ancient Greek γόος (góos, “wailing, weeping”).

Noun

*gȍvorъ m[1][2]

(originally) prattle, grumble
Synonyms: *rъpъtъ, *bъltanьje
(eventually) vocalization, utterance
(abstract) talk, speech
Synonym: *rěčь
(by extension) vernacular (style of talking)

Alternative forms

*gavorъ
- ⇒ Polish: gaworzyć
*govora f (ā-stem)
*govorь f (i-stem), *govori f (ī-stem)

Declension

Declension of *gȍvorъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*gȍvorъ	*gȍvora	*gȍvori
Accusative	*gȍvorъ	*gȍvora	*gȍvory
Genitive	*gȍvora	*govorù	*govòrъ
Locative	*gȍvorě	*govorù	*govorě̃xъ
Dative	*gȍvoru	*govoromà	*govoròmъ
Instrumental	gȍvorъmь, gȍvoromь^*	*govoromà	*govorý
Vocative	*govore	*gȍvora	*gȍvori

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

In Ukrainian, Slovincian:

Declension of *gȍvorъ (u-stem, accent paradigm c)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*gȍvorъ	*gȍvory	*gȍvorove
Accusative	*gȍvorъ	*gȍvory	*gȍvory
Genitive	*gȍvoru	*govorovù	*govoròvъ
Locative	*govorú	*govorovù	*gȍvorъxъ
Dative	*gȍvorovi	*govorъmà	*gȍvorъmъ
Instrumental	*gȍvorъmь	*govorъmà	*govorъmì
Vocative	*govoru	*gȍvory	*gȍvorove

Derived terms

Verbs:

*govorìti (“to talk, to speak”)
*govorъkati (“to chatter, to mumble”)

Nouns:

*dogovorъ (“contract, agreement”)
*jьzgovorъ (“pronunciation”)
*nagovorъ (“verbal dispute, slander”), *nagovorъka (“chitter-chatter”)
*pergovorъ (“negotiation”)
*pоgovorъ, *pоgovorъka (“proverb, saying”)
*prigovorъ (“objection, verdict”)
*progovorъ (“utterance”)
*ogovorъ (“slander”) (East Slavic)
*otъgovorъ (“response”)
*orzgovorъ (“conversation”)
*sъgovorъ (“concord”)
*ugovorъ, *ugovorъka (“agreement”)
*vygovorъ (“rebuke”)
*zagovorъ (“conspiracy, complot”)

Adjectives:

*govorьnъ, *govorьskъ (“related to speech, vocalization”)

Related terms

*gavьra (“ridicule, mockery”)
*gvarъ, *gvara (“vernacular, idiom”)
*gutorъ (“talk, discussion”)
*gǫsti, *gǫděti (“to make noise, to drone, to play music”)
*žugati, *žuxati (“to drone, to hum, to creak”) (possibly)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: говоръ (govorŭ)
  - Belarusian: го́вар (hóvar) (dialectal)
    - ⇒ Belarusian: гаво́рка (havórka) (standard)
  - Russian: го́вор (góvor); гово́ра f (govóra) (dialectal)
  - Ukrainian: го́вір (hóvir) (u-stem); гово́р (hovór) (dialectal)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: говоръ (govorŭ, “prattle, grumble”)
- Bulgarian: го́вор (góvor)
- Macedonian: говор (govor)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: го̏во̄р
  Latin: gȍvōr
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): gȍvor
  - Chakavian (Orbanići): gȍvor
- Slovene: gôvor (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: hovor
  - Czech: hovor
- Old Polish: gowor
- Slovak: hovor
- Slovincian: govår (u-stem)

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gȍvorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 181: “m. o ‘talk’”
Snoj, Marko (2016), “govor”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gȍvorъ”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gȍvorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 181: “m. o ‘talk’”

[2] Snoj, Marko (2016), “govor”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gȍvorъ”