< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gotovъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
It was suggested (e.g. Kroonen) that the word is borrowed from a reflect of unattested adjective Proto-Germanic *gatawaz, deverbal adjective from the root of *tawjaną (“to make, complete”), probably from Gothic, cf. 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gataujan, “to do, make, effect”). This view is usually rejected, Pronk-Tiethoff considers a loan possible, but admits that native origin cannot be excluded.
Native origin is prevailing, however, few propositions exist:
- back-formation from *gotoviti (“to prepare”), unlikely
- per Kiparsky, from *gotъ (> Upper Sorbian hot (“preparation”) and derivative Lower Sorbian gotnica (“factory”)) *-ovъ, with *gotъ being cognate of Albanian gat. However, Sorbian words are suspected of being back-formations.
- some relation with Ancient Greek νη-γάτεος (nē-gáteos, “new-made”), Sanskrit घटते (ghaṭate, “to strive”)
- from Proto-Indo-European *gʷātu-, supine of *gʷā- (“to go”), for meaning shift cf. Old High German fartig (“ready”) from fart (“ride, trip”). See also *gatь (“path (through swamp)”). That makes anlaut -o- problematic.
*gotovъ is often compared to Albanian gat, gati (“ready”), but currently these are usually believed to be early loans from Slavic. Some suggested that Lithuanian gãtavas, Latvian gatavs (“ready”) and Old Prussian pogattawint (“to prepare”) are cognates to Slavic which point to Proto-Balto-Slavic *gatavas, however, it is usually believed Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic (e.g. on the basis of the accent, Smoczyński considers the Lithuanian word to be a loan from Old Polish).
Adjective
*gotòvъ[1][2][3][4][5]
- finished, completed
- ready, prepared, arranged
- ready, willing, decided
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *gotovъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *gotovъ | *gotova | *gotovo |
| Accusative | *gotovъ | *gotovǫ | *gotovo |
| Genitive | *gotova | *gotovy | *gotova |
| Locative | *gotově | *gotově | *gotově |
| Dative | *gotovu | *gotově | *gotovu |
| Instrumental | *gotovomь | *gotovojǫ | *gotovomь |
| Vocative | *gotove | *gotovo | *gotovo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gotova | *gotově | *gotově |
| Accusative | *gotova | *gotově | *gotově |
| Genitive | *gotovu | *gotovu | *gotovu |
| Locative | *gotovu | *gotovu | *gotovu |
| Dative | *gotovoma | *gotovama | *gotovoma |
| Instrumental | *gotovoma | *gotovama | *gotovoma |
| Vocative | *gotova | *gotově | *gotově |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gotovi | *gotovy | *gotova |
| Accusative | *gotovy | *gotovy | *gotova |
| Genitive | *gotovъ | *gotovъ | *gotovъ |
| Locative | *gotověxъ | *gotovaxъ | *gotověxъ |
| Dative | *gotovomъ | *gotovamъ | *gotovomъ |
| Instrumental | *gotovy | *gotovami | *gotovy |
| Vocative | *gotovi | *gotovy | *gotova |
Definite declension of *gotovъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *gotovъjь | *gotovaja | *gotovoje |
| Accusative | *gotovъjь | *gotovǫjǫ | *gotovoje |
| Genitive | *gotovajego | *gotovyję | *gotovajego |
| Locative | *gotovějemь | *gotověji | *gotovějemь |
| Dative | *gotovujemu | *gotověji | *gotovujemu |
| Instrumental | *gotovyjimi | *gotovǫjǫ | *gotovyjimi |
| Vocative | *gotovъjь | *gotovaja | *gotovoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gotovaja | *gotověji | *gotověji |
| Accusative | *gotovaja | *gotověji | *gotověji |
| Genitive | *gotovuju | *gotovuju | *gotovuju |
| Locative | *gotovuju | *gotovuju | *gotovuju |
| Dative | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima |
| Instrumental | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima |
| Vocative | *gotovaja | *gotověji | *gotověji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gotoviji | *gotovyję | *gotovaja |
| Accusative | *gotovyję | *gotovyję | *gotovaja |
| Genitive | *gotovъjixъ | *gotovъjixъ | *gotovъjixъ |
| Locative | *gotovyjixъ | *gotovyjixъ | *gotovyjixъ |
| Dative | *gotovyjimъ | *gotovyjimъ | *gotovyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *gotovyjimi | *gotovyjimi | *gotovyjimi |
| Vocative | *gotoviji | *gotovyję | *gotovaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: готовꙑи (gotovyj)
- Belarusian: гато́вы (hatóvy)
- Russian: гото́вый (gotóvyj)
- Ukrainian: гото́вий (hotóvyj)
- Old Novgorodian: готовꙑи (gotovyj)
- Old East Slavic: готовꙑи (gotovyj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: готовъ (gotovŭ)
- Bulgarian: гото́в (gotóv)
- Macedonian: готов (gotov)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Latin: gòtov
- Cyrillic: го̀тов
- Slovene: gotȍv (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: hotový
- Czech: hotový
- Old Polish: gotowy
- Polish: gotowy, gotów
- Slovak: hotový
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: hotowy
- Lower Sorbian: gótowy
- Old Czech: hotový
- Non-Slavic:
- →? Albanian: gat, gati
- →? Lithuanian: gãtavas
- →? Latvian: gatavs
- →⇒? Old Prussian: pogattawint
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “gotovъ gotova gotovo”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a parat (PR 133)”
- Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia E. (2013) The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic (in English), Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 173: “PSl. *gotovъ ‘ready, prepared’ [AP A]”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “gotȍv”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gotovъ̏”
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “gotovъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 70
- Sławski, Franciszek, editor (2001), “gotovъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 8 (goda – gyža), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 151
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “гото́вый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982–2012), “готовий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови: у 7 т. [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 7 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
- Machek, Václav (1968), “hotový”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 2nd edition, Prague: Academia, page 178
- Rejzek, Jiří (2001), “hotový” in Český etymologický slovník, page 215
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “готов”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 268
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*taujan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 511
- Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007), “gãtavas”, in Słownik etymologiczny je̜zyka litewskiego (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 302