< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/golъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“bald, naked”), probably influenced by Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”) (cf. Proto-Slavic *golъtь, *golotь (“hoarfrost”)) which explains the accent paradigm (AP b = non-mobile, non-acute in Balto-Slavic). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *kalwaz and Latin calvus (“bald, hairless”).
Probably, further akin to Ancient Greek γᾰλεός (galeós, “dogfish”), γαλέη (galéē, “weasel”), Latin glīs (“dormouse”) (getting their names due to their smooth skin/fur). Per Trubachev, a relation (via ablaut) to Proto-Slavic *žely (“tortoise”) is also possible. Georgiev (BER) and Pokorny (IEW) also draw comparison with Latvian gā̀ls (“ice-smooth, slick”), gàla (“frost, thin layer of ice”), which however exhibit enlonged grade.
Adjective
*gòlъ[1][2]
- bald
- bare, naked, nude
- Synonym: *nagъ
Declension
Indefinite declension of *golъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *golъ | *gola | *golo |
| Accusative | *golъ | *golǫ | *golo |
| Genitive | *gola | *goly | *gola |
| Locative | *golě | *golě | *golě |
| Dative | *golu | *golě | *golu |
| Instrumental | *golomь | *golojǫ | *golomь |
| Vocative | *gole | *golo | *golo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gola | *golě | *golě |
| Accusative | *gola | *golě | *golě |
| Genitive | *golu | *golu | *golu |
| Locative | *golu | *golu | *golu |
| Dative | *goloma | *golama | *goloma |
| Instrumental | *goloma | *golama | *goloma |
| Vocative | *gola | *golě | *golě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *goli | *goly | *gola |
| Accusative | *goly | *goly | *gola |
| Genitive | *golъ | *golъ | *golъ |
| Locative | *golěxъ | *golaxъ | *golěxъ |
| Dative | *golomъ | *golamъ | *golomъ |
| Instrumental | *goly | *golami | *goly |
| Vocative | *goli | *goly | *gola |
Definite declension of *golъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *golъjь | *golaja | *goloje |
| Accusative | *golъjь | *golǫjǫ | *goloje |
| Genitive | *golajego | *golyję | *golajego |
| Locative | *golějemь | *golěji | *golějemь |
| Dative | *golujemu | *golěji | *golujemu |
| Instrumental | *golyjimi | *golǫjǫ | *golyjimi |
| Vocative | *golъjь | *golaja | *goloje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *golaja | *golěji | *golěji |
| Accusative | *golaja | *golěji | *golěji |
| Genitive | *goluju | *goluju | *goluju |
| Locative | *goluju | *goluju | *goluju |
| Dative | *golyjima | *golyjima | *golyjima |
| Instrumental | *golyjima | *golyjima | *golyjima |
| Vocative | *golaja | *golěji | *golěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *goliji | *golyję | *golaja |
| Accusative | *golyję | *golyję | *golaja |
| Genitive | *golъjixъ | *golъjixъ | *golъjixъ |
| Locative | *golyjixъ | *golyjixъ | *golyjixъ |
| Dative | *golyjimъ | *golyjimъ | *golyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *golyjimi | *golyjimi | *golyjimi |
| Vocative | *goliji | *golyję | *golaja |
Derived terms
- *golěti (“to be naked”)
- *goliti (“to get naked”)
- *golakъ, *golanъ (“poor, shaggy person”)
- *golěnь (“crus”)
- *golikъ, *golica, *golizna (“bare, desolate place/object”)
- *golma (“naked, smooth rock”)
- *golostь, *golota (“bareness, nakedness”)
- *golyni (“nakedness”)
- *golьje (“condition of baldness/nakedness”)
- *golьcъ m, *golъka f (“bald person/animal”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: го́лы (hóly)
- Russian: го́лый (gólyj)
- Ukrainian: го́лий (hólyj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: голъ (golŭ)
- Bulgarian: гол (gol)
- Macedonian: гол (gol)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: го̑л
- Latin: gȏl
- Slovene: gȍł (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: holý
- Czech: holý
- (Mistřice): hou̯í
- Czech: holý
- Old Polish: goły
- Polish: goły
- Slovak: holý
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: goły
- Upper Sorbian: hoły
- Old Czech: holý
- Non-Slavic:
- Aromanian: gol
- Romanian: gol
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “го́лый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*golъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 14
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “гол¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 261
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gòlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 176: “adj. o (b) ‘naked’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “golъ gola golo”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b nøgen (PR 136)”