< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/golěmъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Perhaps a relic present passive participle of Proto-Balto-Slavic *galḗˀtei (“to have capacity”) + *-ěmъ, cognate with Lithuanian galė́ti (“to be able”) (present participle galėjimas). Further akin to Lithuanian galià (“power, might”), gãlimas (“mighty”), possibly Gaulish gallus (“Gaul”).
For the suffix, compare Latin volaemum (“large pear”).
Adjective
*golěmъ[1]
- (perhaps originally) capable, powerful
- Synonyms: *mogǫťь, *věščь, *sъposobьnъ
- (by extension) big, large, huge (for size)
- → great (for action, effect)
- → important, eminent, highly regarded (for person, status)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *golěmъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *golěmъ | *golěma | *golěmo |
| Accusative | *golěmъ | *golěmǫ | *golěmo |
| Genitive | *golěma | *golěmy | *golěma |
| Locative | *golěmě | *golěmě | *golěmě |
| Dative | *golěmu | *golěmě | *golěmu |
| Instrumental | *golěmomь | *golěmojǫ | *golěmomь |
| Vocative | *golěme | *golěmo | *golěmo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *golěma | *golěmě | *golěmě |
| Accusative | *golěma | *golěmě | *golěmě |
| Genitive | *golěmu | *golěmu | *golěmu |
| Locative | *golěmu | *golěmu | *golěmu |
| Dative | *golěmoma | *golěmama | *golěmoma |
| Instrumental | *golěmoma | *golěmama | *golěmoma |
| Vocative | *golěma | *golěmě | *golěmě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *golěmi | *golěmy | *golěma |
| Accusative | *golěmy | *golěmy | *golěma |
| Genitive | *golěmъ | *golěmъ | *golěmъ |
| Locative | *golěměxъ | *golěmaxъ | *golěměxъ |
| Dative | *golěmomъ | *golěmamъ | *golěmomъ |
| Instrumental | *golěmy | *golěmami | *golěmy |
| Vocative | *golěmi | *golěmy | *golěma |
Definite declension of *golěmъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *golěmъjь | *golěmaja | *golěmoje |
| Accusative | *golěmъjь | *golěmǫjǫ | *golěmoje |
| Genitive | *golěmajego | *golěmyję | *golěmajego |
| Locative | *golěmějemь | *golěměji | *golěmějemь |
| Dative | *golěmujemu | *golěměji | *golěmujemu |
| Instrumental | *golěmyjimi | *golěmǫjǫ | *golěmyjimi |
| Vocative | *golěmъjь | *golěmaja | *golěmoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *golěmaja | *golěměji | *golěměji |
| Accusative | *golěmaja | *golěměji | *golěměji |
| Genitive | *golěmuju | *golěmuju | *golěmuju |
| Locative | *golěmuju | *golěmuju | *golěmuju |
| Dative | *golěmyjima | *golěmyjima | *golěmyjima |
| Instrumental | *golěmyjima | *golěmyjima | *golěmyjima |
| Vocative | *golěmaja | *golěměji | *golěměji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *golěmiji | *golěmyję | *golěmaja |
| Accusative | *golěmyję | *golěmyję | *golěmaja |
| Genitive | *golěmъjixъ | *golěmъjixъ | *golěmъjixъ |
| Locative | *golěmyjixъ | *golěmyjixъ | *golěmyjixъ |
| Dative | *golěmyjimъ | *golěmyjimъ | *golěmyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *golěmyjimi | *golěmyjimi | *golěmyjimi |
| Vocative | *golěmiji | *golěmyję | *golěmaja |
Derived terms
- *golěměti (“to be large”), *golěmiti (“to enlarge, to magnify”)
- *golěmina (“size, magnitude”)
- *golěmьcь, *golěmanъ (“powerful person”)
Related terms
- *golmę (“mickle”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: голѣмꙑи (golěmyj)
- Russian: голя́мый (goljámyj)
- Old East Slavic: голѣмꙑи (golěmyj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Russian Church Slavonic: голѣмыи (golěmyj)
- Bulgarian: голя́м (goljám)
- Macedonian: голем (golem)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: го̀лем
- Latin: gòlem
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: holemý
- Polish: golemy
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*golěmъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 202
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “голям”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 262
- “galė́ti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*golěmъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174