< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/galъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Uncertain. Sparsely attested, mainly in toponyms and derived terms.
If the color association is derived from the name of the jay, jackdow bird (and not vice versa), it is possible that the root is of onomatopoeic nature, related to Proto-Slavic *gavati (“to bark”), Proto-Slavic *gajati (“to croak”), Proto-Slavic *gakati (“to caw”). Compare regional Proto-Slavic *gaga (“jay”).
Adjective
*galъ
- dark, murky, swarty
- black (for animals, places)
- Synonym: *vornъ
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *galъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *galъ | *gala | *galo |
| Accusative | *galъ | *galǫ | *galo |
| Genitive | *gala | *galy | *gala |
| Locative | *galě | *galě | *galě |
| Dative | *galu | *galě | *galu |
| Instrumental | *galomь | *galojǫ | *galomь |
| Vocative | *gale | *galo | *galo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gala | *galě | *galě |
| Accusative | *gala | *galě | *galě |
| Genitive | *galu | *galu | *galu |
| Locative | *galu | *galu | *galu |
| Dative | *galoma | *galama | *galoma |
| Instrumental | *galoma | *galama | *galoma |
| Vocative | *gala | *galě | *galě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gali | *galy | *gala |
| Accusative | *galy | *galy | *gala |
| Genitive | *galъ | *galъ | *galъ |
| Locative | *galěxъ | *galaxъ | *galěxъ |
| Dative | *galomъ | *galamъ | *galomъ |
| Instrumental | *galy | *galami | *galy |
| Vocative | *gali | *galy | *gala |
Definite declension of *galъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *galъjь | *galaja | *galoje |
| Accusative | *galъjь | *galǫjǫ | *galoje |
| Genitive | *galajego | *galyję | *galajego |
| Locative | *galějemь | *galěji | *galějemь |
| Dative | *galujemu | *galěji | *galujemu |
| Instrumental | *galyjimi | *galǫjǫ | *galyjimi |
| Vocative | *galъjь | *galaja | *galoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *galaja | *galěji | *galěji |
| Accusative | *galaja | *galěji | *galěji |
| Genitive | *galuju | *galuju | *galuju |
| Locative | *galuju | *galuju | *galuju |
| Dative | *galyjima | *galyjima | *galyjima |
| Instrumental | *galyjima | *galyjima | *galyjima |
| Vocative | *galaja | *galěji | *galěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *galiji | *galyję | *galaja |
| Accusative | *galyję | *galyję | *galaja |
| Genitive | *galъjixъ | *galъjixъ | *galъjixъ |
| Locative | *galyjixъ | *galyjixъ | *galyjixъ |
| Dative | *galyjimъ | *galyjimъ | *galyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *galyjimi | *galyjimi | *galyjimi |
| Vocative | *galiji | *galyję | *galaja |
Derived terms
- *gaľa (“black fem. animal (sheep, hen, bitch)”)
- *galica (“chough”)
- *galъka (“jackdaw”)
- *galębъ, *galǫbъ (“gull”)
- *galovъ (“dark, murky”)
See also
| *bělъ (of animals) *bronъ | *sivъ, *śěrъ, *śědъ | *čьrnъ, *smaglъ/*smǫglъ (of animals) *vornъ, *galъ |
| *čьrvenъ, *ryďь, *ruměnъ | *rudъ, *granivъ; *smědъ, (of animals) *gnědъ | *žьltъ (of animals) *solvъ; *polvъ |
| *zelenъ | *zelenъ, *grěnъ | |
| *polvъ | *siňь; *modrъ | |
| *slivъ | *bagrъ |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- ⇒ Ukrainian: галь (halʹ, “herd of jays”) (dialectal)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: галъ (galŭ)
- Bulgarian: гал m (gal, “jackdow”)
- ⇒ Bulgarian: Галиче (Galiče), Галатски рид (Galatski rid), Галовo (Galovo), Галова падина (Galova padina) (toponyms)
- Macedonian: гал (gal) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: га̏о, га̑л (dialectal, dated)
- Latin: gȁo, gȃl (dialectal, dated)
- ⇒ Serbo-Croatian: gala (“bird with black coloration”) (Croatian, archaic)
- Slovene: gàl
- West Slavic:
- Czech: gał (“pitch”) (dialectal)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “галка”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*galъ II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 96
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “гал”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 225
- Maya Vlahova-Angelova (2014), “Цветовете в Българската топонимия”, in „Известия“, книга XXVII, Institute of Bulgarian Language at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, pages 130-159