Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gadъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Commonly associated with Lithuanian gė́da (“shame”), Old Prussian gīdan (“shame, disgrace”), Proto-West Germanic *kwād (“dirt, mud; bad”), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₁dʰ- (“to defile”). Related native terms with root vowel *-y- (*gyda, *gydъkъ, etc.) evince for a possible obscure *-w- in the root, which gets assimilated by the labiovelar *gʷ- in non-zero grades: *gʷ(w)[e/o]h₁- ~ *gʷuh₁- + *-dʰ-. If right, then perhaps further akin to Proto-Slavic *govьno (“turd”), *gavědь (“unordered, disorganized group; wild stock”).

Less accepted hypotheses draw comparison with Ancient Greek γάδος (gádos, “cod”), Latin gadus (“gadiform”) (whence English cod), often considered of substrate origin, or with Sanskrit नाग (nāgá, “serpent”) (per Machek).

Noun

*gàdъ m[1][2][3]

creep (generic eerie or disgusting creature)
→ reptile, serpent
→ bug, pest, vermin

Alternative forms

*gada f

Declension

Declension of *gàdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*gàdъ	*gàda	*gàdi
Accusative	*gàdъ	*gàda	*gàdy
Genitive	*gàda	*gàdu	*gàdъ
Locative	*gàdě	*gàdu	*gàdě̄xъ
Dative	*gàdu	*gàdoma	*gàdomъ
Instrumental	gàdъmь, gàdomь^*	*gàdoma	*gàdȳ
Vocative	*gàde	*gàda	*gàdi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*gaditi (“to disgust, to loathe”)
*gadovati (“to taint”)
*gadina (augmentative)
*gadǫka (“creep creature; type of snake”)
*gadostь (“nastiness”)
*gadьjь, *gaďь (“serpentine”)
*gadьnъ (“disgusting, distasteful”)
*gadovъ (“creepy, eerie, nasty”)
*gadъkъ (“repulsive”)

Related terms

*gadь f (“disgust”)
*gydъ, *gyda (“filth, dirt”)
- *gyditi (“to stain, to tar”)
- *gydъkъ (“disgisting”)
- *gyduxa (“creepy, distusting creature”)
*gvazdati (“to stain, to waste; to slander, to babble nonsense”)
*žadati sę (“to dread”) (possibly)
- >? *žasъ (“fright, awe”)
*govьno (“turd”) (possibly)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: гадъ (gadŭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: гадъ (had)
    - Belarusian: гад (had)
    - Rusyn: гад (had)
    - Ukrainian: гад (had)
  - Russian: гад (gad)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic: гадъ (gadŭ)
  Glagolitic: ⰳⰰⰴⱏ (gadŭ)
- Bulgarian: гад (gad) (standard); гат (gat) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: гад (gad)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: га̏д
  Latin: gȁd
- Slovene: gàd, gàda f
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: had
  - Czech: had
- Kashubian: gôd
- Polabian: god
- Polish: gad (standard); gωt m, gada f (dialectal)
  - (Ślemień): gád
- Slovak: had
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: had
  - Lower Sorbian: gad

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gàdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “m. o (a)”
Olander, Thomas (2001), “gadъ gada”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a reptile (NA 115; PR 131; RPT 99, 101)”
Snoj, Marko (2016), “gad”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *ga̋dъ”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gàdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “m. o (a)”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001), “gadъ gada”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a reptile (NA 115; PR 131; RPT 99, 101)”

[3] Snoj, Marko (2016), “gad”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *ga̋dъ”