< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gadati
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Disputed. Derksen lists three hypotheses:
- From an elongated ō-grade Proto-Indo-European *gʰōd-, from root *gʰed- (“to take, to hold, to find”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *getaną (“to get, to perceive, to acquire”) (the source of English get) and akin to ne-infix presents Ancient Greek χανδάνω (khandánō, “to contain”), Latin prehendō (“to seize, to take”). Favoured by Vasmer.
- Related to synonymous *gatati, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-, *gʷed- (“to say, to speak”). If so, then akin to Proto-Germanic *kweþaną (“to say”), Sanskrit गदति (gádati) (perhaps originating from a mixture of *gat- with वदति (vádati)). Supported by Berneker, Chernykh, Seebold, who also give as cognates Lithuanian godóti (“to honor, to respect, to think, to believe”), Latvian gãdât (“to take care, to look after”) (further related to Lithuanian godẽlė (“thought, guess”), gùosti (“to care”)).
- Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *goditi (“to please”), *gaďati (“to aim, to make relation”), Lithuanian guõdas (“worth, honour”), Latvian gadît (“to happen to find”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to suit, to join, to gather”). Favoured by Sławski, Zubatý.
In view of Winter's law, the latest option is phonetically most preferable.
Verb
*gādàti impf (perfective *ganǫti)[1][2]
- to guess, to conjecture
- Synonym: *gatati
- → to predict
- → (by extension) to prophesy, to tell fortunes
- to speak up, to tell, to argue (in West Slavic, dialectal East Slavic)
- Synonyms: *govoriti, *věťati, *kazati
Inflection
Conjugation of *gadati, *gada, *gadajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *gadanьje | *gadati | *gadatъ | *gadalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *gadanъ | *gadajemъ |
| Active | *gadavъ | *gadaję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *gadaxъ | *gada | *gada | *gadajǫ | *gadaješi | *gadajetь |
| Dual | *gadaxově | *gadasta | *gadaste | *gadajevě | *gadajeta | *gadajete |
| Plural | *gadaxomъ | *gadaste | *gadašę | *gadajemъ | *gadajete | *gadajǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *gadaaxъ | *gadaaše | *gadaaše | — | *gadaji | *gadaji |
| Dual | *gadaaxově | *gadaašeta | *gadaašete | *gadajivě | *gadajita | — |
| Plural | *gadaaxomъ | *gadaašete | *gadaaxǫ | *gadajimъ | *gadajite | — |
Derived terms
Verbs:
- *orzgadati pf, *orzgadаvati (“to unravel, to solve a riddle”)
- *orzgadъka (“resolution, answer to a riddle”)
- *otъgadati pf, *otъgadаvati (“to give solution to a riddle”)
- *otъgadъka (“answer to a riddle”)
- *ugadati pf, *ugadovati impf (“to guess correctly”)
- *zagadati pf, *zagadovati impf (“to give clue, to set a riddle”)
- *zagadъka (“riddle”)
- *-gaditi, *-gaďati
- *dogaditi pf, *dogaďati impf (“to speculate, to try a guess”)
- *dogadъka (“conjecture”)
- *nagaditi pf, *nagaďati impf (“to infer, to surmise”)
- *perdugaditi pf, *perdugaďati impf (“to foresee, to predict”)
- *dogaditi pf, *dogaďati impf (“to speculate, to try a guess”)
Nouns:
- *gadateľь (“prophet”), *gadačь (“guesser”)
- *gasnь (or from *gatati)
- *gadъka (“riddle, inquiry”)
- *gadъkati (“to form a guess”)
Related terms
- *ganati (“to utter, to talk”)
- *gatati (“to guess”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: гадати (gadati)
- Belarusian: гада́ць (hadácʹ)
- Russian: гада́ть (gadátʹ)
- Ukrainian: гада́ти (hadáty)
- Old East Slavic: гадати (gadati)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: гадати (gadati)
- Bulgarian: гада́я (gadája)
- Macedonian: гада (gada)
- Slovene: gádati (tonal orthography) (rare)
- West Slavic:
- Czech: hádat
- Kashubian: gadac
- Polish: gadać (“to jabber, to talk”)
- Silesian: gŏdać
- Slovak: hádať
- Slovincian: gȧ̃dăc
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: gadaś
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “гада́ть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 175
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “гада́ть”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gadati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 77
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “гадая”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 223
- “godoti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gādàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “v. ‘guess’”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “uganīti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “pslovan. *gada̋ti”