< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ga
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
The suffix is one of several similar suffixes, namely *-ba, *-da, which formed derivative nouns from verbal or nominal roots. When attached to nouns or adjectives, it got compounded to the primal suffix of the stem, extending it into *-ьdza for i-stem roots or -oga for o-stem roots.
Ultimately, the suffix descends from Proto-Indo-European *-gʰo-, *-gʰeh₂. Encountered in Lithuanian stógas (“build”)[1] = Lithuanian stóti (“to stand”) + -gas and analogous with Proto-Germanic *-gô (e.g. *frauþaz (“jumper”) → *fruþgô (“frog”)).
Suffix 1
*-ga f
- Deverbative, forming abstract nouns.
- Synonyms: *-ьba, *-ьda, *-tva, *-ežь
- *strujiti (“to stream”) → *struga (“wave front”)
- *sluti (“to be called, to utter”) → *sluga (“servant”)
- *derti (“to tear”) → *dorga (“road”)
- Denominal, forming attributive nouns.
- *gobь (“share, wealth”) → *gobьdzъ (“fortune”), *gobьdza (“abundance”)
Declension
Declension of *-ga (hard a-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-gy |
| Accusative | *-gǫ | *-dzě | *-gy |
| Genitive | *-gy | *-gu | *-gъ |
| Locative | *-dzě | *-gu | *-gasъ, *-gaxъ* |
| Dative | *-dzě | *-gama | *-gamъ |
| Instrumental | *-gojǫ, *-gǫ** | *-gama | *-gami |
| Vocative | *-go | *-dzě | *-gy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Alternative forms
- *-gъ m, *-go n
Derived suffixes
- *-ogъ m, *-oga f
- *-iga
- *-ežь (i-stem)
Suffix 2
*-gъ
- From basic root stems, forming attributional adjectives
- Synonyms: *-bъ, *-dъ
- *dьliti (“to prolong”) → *dьlgъ (“long”)
- *duti (“to blow, to swell”) → *dužь (“strong”) (with yo-declension)
- *dorti (“to peel, to pluck”) → *dorgъ (“dear”)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-ga (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *-gъ | *-ga | *-go |
| Accusative | *-gъ | *-gǫ | *-go |
| Genitive | *-ga | *-gy | *-ga |
| Locative | *-dzě | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| Dative | *-gu | *-dzě | *-gu |
| Instrumental | *-gomь | *-gojǫ | *-gomь |
| Vocative | *-že | *-go | *-go |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| Accusative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| Genitive | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
| Locative | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
| Dative | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
| Instrumental | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
| Vocative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
| Accusative | *-gy | *-gy | *-ga |
| Genitive | *-gъ | *-gъ | *-gъ |
| Locative | *-dzěxъ | *-gaxъ | *-dzěxъ |
| Dative | *-gomъ | *-gamъ | *-gomъ |
| Instrumental | *-gy | *-gami | *-gy |
| Vocative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
Definite declension of *-ga (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
| Accusative | *-gъjь | *-gǫjǫ | *-goje |
| Genitive | *-gajego | *-gyję | *-gajego |
| Locative | *-dzějemь | *-dzěji | *-dzějemь |
| Dative | *-gujemu | *-dzěji | *-gujemu |
| Instrumental | *-gyjimi | *-gǫjǫ | *-gyjimi |
| Vocative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
| Accusative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
| Genitive | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
| Locative | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
| Dative | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
| Instrumental | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
| Vocative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-dziji | *-gyję | *-gaja |
| Accusative | *-gyję | *-gyję | *-gaja |
| Genitive | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ |
| Locative | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ |
| Dative | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi |
| Vocative | *-dziji | *-gyję | *-gaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)
- Belarusian: -га (-ha)
- Russian: -га (-ga)
- Ukrainian: -га (-ha)
- Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: -га (-ga)
- Glagolitic: -ⰳⰰ (-ga)
- Bulgarian: -га (-ga)
- Macedonian: -га (-ga)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: -га
- Latin: -ga
- Slovene: -ga
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: -ha
- Polish: -ga
- Slovak: -ha
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: -ha
- Lower Sorbian: -ha
References
- G. Nandriş (1965) Handbook Of Old Church Slavonic Grammar, page 90
- Duridinov et al. (1991) Граматика на Старобългарския език, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 180
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*batogъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 165
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gobьzъ(je), *gobьza”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 186
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*matoga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 5
- Derksen, Rick (2015), “*stogas II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429