< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dьržava
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *dьržati (“to hold”) + *-ava.
Noun
*dьržava f
- power, rule, kingdom
Usage notes
Most of the modern descendants have developed the meaning of country, state
Declension
Declension of *dьržava (hard a-stem)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *dьržava | *dьržavě | *dьržavy |
Accusative | *dьržavǫ | *dьržavě | *dьržavy |
Genitive | *dьržavy | *dьržavu | *dьržavъ |
Locative | *dьržavě | *dьržavu | *dьržavasъ, *dьržavaxъ* |
Dative | *dьržavě | *dьržavama | *dьržavamъ |
Instrumental | *dьržavojǫ, *dьržavǫ** | *dьržavama | *dьržavami |
Vocative | *dьržavo | *dьržavě | *dьržavy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: дзяржа́ва (dzjaržáva)
- Russian: держа́ва (deržáva)
- Ukrainian: держа́ва (deržáva)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: дръжава (drŭžava)
- Bulgarian: държава (dǎržava)
- Macedonian: држава (država)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: држава
- Latin: država
- Slovene: država
- West Slavic:
- Czech: država (“dependency”)
- Polish: dzierżawa (“lease”)
- Slovak: dŕžava (“dependency”) (archaic)
References
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “държава”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 461
Further Reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “держава”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress