< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/děti
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dḗˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁ti, from *dʰeh₁- (“to do”).
Verb
*děti impf (perfective *děnǫti or *děvati)[1][2]
- (transitive) to do
- (ditransitive) to put, to place
- → to put on (clothes)
- (transitive) to thread, to hitch, to process
- (reflexive) to happen
Alternative forms
- *dějati
Conjugation
Conjugation of *děti, *dě, *deďetь (perf., -unknown-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *dětьje | *děti | *dětъ | *dělъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *dětъ | — |
| Active | *děvъ | — |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *děxъ | *dě | *dě | *deďǫ | *deďeši | *deďetь |
| Dual | *děxově | *děsta | *děste | *deďevě | *deďeta | *deďete |
| Plural | *děxomъ | *děste | *děšę | *deďemъ | *deďete | *deďǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | — | — | — | — | *deďi | *deďi |
| Dual | — | — | — | *deďivě | *deďita | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | *deďimъ | *deďite | — |
- Notes:
- In perfective verbs, present expresses future
Conjugation of *děti, *dě, *děnetь (perf., -V/n-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *dětьje | *děti | *dětъ | *dělъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *dětъ | — |
| Active | *děvъ | — |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *děxъ | *dě | *dě | *děnǫ | *děneši | *děnetь |
| Dual | *děxově | *děsta | *děste | *děnevě | *děneta | *děnete |
| Plural | *děxomъ | *děste | *děšę | *děnemъ | *děnete | *děnǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | — | — | — | — | *děni | *děni |
| Dual | — | — | — | *děněvě | *děněta | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | *děněmъ | *děněte | — |
- Notes:
- In perfective verbs, present expresses future
Conjugation of *děti, *dě, *dějetь (?, -V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *dětьje | *děti | *dětъ | *dělъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *dětъ | *dějemъ |
| Active | *děvъ | *děję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *děxъ | *dě | *dě | *dějǫ | *děješi | *dějetь |
| Dual | *děxově | *děsta | *děste | *dějevě | *dějeta | *dějete |
| Plural | *děxomъ | *děste | *děšę | *dějemъ | *dějete | *dějǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *děaxъ | *děaše | *děaše | — | *ději | *ději |
| Dual | *děaxově | *děašeta | *děašete | *dějivě | *dějita | — |
| Plural | *děaxomъ | *děašete | *děaxǫ | *dějimъ | *dějite | — |
Derived terms
- *jьzdě(ja)ti
- *nadě(ja)ti
- *nada, *nadeďa (“hope”)
- *odě(ja)ti
- *odeďa (“garment”)
- *odějadlo (“blanket”)
- *perdě(ja)ti (“to find a way to do”)
- *podě(ja)ti (“to undertake”)
- *sъdě(ja)ti
- *zadě(ja)ti
- *děkati (“to urge, to make (s.o.) to do”), *děkovati (“to joke around”)
- *dějь(inъ) (“agent, doer”)
- *čarodějь (“wizard, sorceror”)
- *ľubodějь (“adultererer”)
- *lixodějь, *zъlodějь (“evildoer”)
- *dějьcь (“activist”)
- *bolgodějьcь (“benefactor”)
- *dětь (“deed”)
- *dějьstvo, *dějьstvьje (“action”)
- *dějьstvati, *dějьstvovati (“to take action”)
- *dělo (“act, work”)
- *dělati (“to do, to hack”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: дзець (dzjecʹ)
- Russian: деть (detʹ)
- Ukrainian: ді́ти (díty)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: дѣти (děti)
- Bulgarian: де́я (déja) (archaic)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: дети
- Latin: deti
- Slovene: dẹ́ti (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: dieti (impf./pf.)[3][4]
- Czech: dít
- Moravian (Mistřice): ďet
- Czech: dít
- Old Polish: dziać (impf?/pf?)[5][6]
- Polish: dziać (“to happen”, impf.), dziać się (impf./pf.)
- Slovak: diať sa (“to be done”, impf.)[7], dieť (pf.)[8]
- Slovincian: ʒǻu̯c są (impf.)[9]
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: dźeć (?)[10]
- Lower Sorbian: źaś (impf.)[11]
- Old Czech: dieti (impf./pf.)[3][4]
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “деть”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “-детый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1977), “*dě(ja)ti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 4 (*čaběniti – *děľa), Moscow: Nauka, page 229
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*děnь/*děnьje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 12
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “дея”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 351
- Anikin, A. E. (2019), “деть”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 13 (два – дигло), Moscow: V. V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute, →ISBN, page 302
- Anikin, A. E. (2019), “-дет”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 13 (два – дигло), Moscow: V. V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute, →ISBN, page 286
- Anikin, A. E. (2019), “деница”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 13 (два – дигло), Moscow: V. V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute, →ISBN, page 200
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*děti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 104: “v. ‘do, say’”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “dẹti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *dě̋ti, sed. *dě̋nǫ (star. *ded'ǫ)”
- Jan Gebauer (1903), “dieti”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), volume 1, Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění, page 246
- Jan Gebauer (1884), “Tvaroslovné výklady a doklady ke slovesům třídy V”, in Listy filologické a paedagogické, volume 11, Prague: Jednota českých filologů, Edvard Grégr, page 103
- K. Nitsch, editor (1957), “dziać, dzieć, dziejać”, in Słownik staropolski (in Old Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, Kraków: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 252
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “dziać”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- Štefan Peciar, editor (1959), “diať sa”, in Slovník slovenského jazyka (in Slovak), volume 1, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo SAV, page 259
- Štefan Peciar, editor (1959), “dieť”, in Slovník slovenského jazyka (in Slovak), volume 1, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo SAV, page 260
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908), “ʒǻu̯c są”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 230
- Křesćan Pful, editor (1866), “dźeć”, in Łužiski serbski słownik / Lausitzisch Wendisches Wörterbuch (in German), Budyšin: Maćica Serbska, page 180
- Muka, Arnošt (1928), “źaś”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), volume 2, Prague: ČAVU, page 1175; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
Etymology 2
See *dětь.
Noun
*děti f[1][2]
- children (plural of *dětь)
- Synonym: *dětьca
Usage notes
May have functioned as a plurale tantum in Proto-Slavic, with the singular handled by *dětę.
Declension
Declension of *dě̑ti (i-stem, accent paradigm c, plural only)
| Plural | |
|---|---|
| Nominative | *dě̑ti |
| Accusative | *dě̑ti |
| Genitive | *dětь̀jь |
| Locative | *dě̑tьxъ |
| Dative | *dě̑tьmъ |
| Instrumental | *dětьmì |
| Vocative | *dě̑ti |
* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Russian: де́ти (déti)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: дѣти (děti)
- Bulgarian: де́ти (déti) (dialectal)
- West Slavic:
- Czech: děti
- Polish: dzieci
- Slovak: deti
- Slovincian: ʒìe̯cä
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*děti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 14
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*děti II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 104: “Npl. f. ‘children’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “děti”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “f.pl.tant. c children (PR 138)”