< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dyra
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
U-vocalism of Proto-Slavic *dira, from the intensive stem of *dъrati (“to tear”) + *-a, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”). Trubachev explains *-y- with the influence of prefixed forms in Proto-Slavic *u- such as Proto-Slavic *udъriti (“to flench”), which hardened the root vowel. A similar development is attested in Lithuanian dùrti (“to stab, to prick”), Latvian dur̃t (“to stab, to prick”)[1].
Noun
dyrà f
- crack, snick, notch
- Synonyms: *rězъ, *pazina, *želbъ
Alternative forms
- *dira, *diřa (i-reflex)
- *děra (enlonged e-grade)
Declension
Declension of *dyra (hard a-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *dyra | *dyrě | *dyry |
| Accusative | *dyrǫ | *dyrě | *dyry |
| Genitive | *dyry | *dyru | *dyrъ |
| Locative | *dyrě | *dyru | *dyrasъ, *dyraxъ* |
| Dative | *dyrě | *dyrama | *dyramъ |
| Instrumental | *dyrojǫ, *dyrǫ** | *dyrama | *dyrami |
| Vocative | *dyro | *dyrě | *dyry |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Related terms
- *derti, *dьrati (“to tear, to flay”)
- *derъ, *derьba (“skinning, flaying”)
- *dorъ (“tearing, split”)
Derived terms
- *dyravъ (“torn, engraved”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дꙑрꙗ (dyrja)
- Russian: дыра́ (dyrá)
- West Slavic:
- Polabian: darӑ
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “дыра́”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dyra”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 205
References
- Derksen, Rick (2015), “durti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147