Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/duma

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Traditionally viewed[1] (per Miklošič, Ulhenbeck, Berneker) as a Germanic borrowing, ultimately from (some derivative of) Proto-Germanic *dōmaz (“judgement”), perhaps a deverbal of *dumati (“to think”).

Attempts for native etymology include:

Mladenov, Stender-Petersen: From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow, to inflate”), *dymъ (“smoke”), perhaps originally meaning “breath, spirit”. Compare Ancient Greek θῡμός (thūmós, “soul, emotion”), occassionally also “thought, mind”.
Vaillant: Contracted from hypothetical *douma < *do- +‎ *umъ (“mind”) +‎ *-a. Compare *douměti (“to comprehend”) (whence Russian надоу́мить (nadoúmitʹ, “to advise”)).
Machek: From an inversion of root *mewHdʰ-, otherwise yielding Proto-Slavic *myslь (“thought”), Ancient Greek μῦθος (mûthos, “word, fable”).

Fick tentatively compares the Slavic word with Phrygian δουμος (doumos) (of dubious meaning), Ancient Greek θαῦμᾰ (thaûma, “wonder, miracle”) (< pre-Hellenic *dʰeh₂w-), based on phonetic similarities.

Noun

*dùma f[1][2][3]

breath, breathing
(uttered) word
advice, council
thought

Declension

Declension of *dùma (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*dùma	*dùmě	*dùmy
Accusative	*dùmǫ	*dùmě	*dùmy
Genitive	*dùmy	*dùmu	*dùmъ
Locative	*dùmě	*dùmu	dùmasъ, dùmaxъ^*
Dative	*dùmě	*dùmama	*dùmamъ
Instrumental	dùmojǫ, dùmǭ^**	*dùmama	*dùmamī
Vocative	*dùmo	*dùmě	*dùmy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

*dumica, *dumъka (diminutive)
*dumьcь (“prater”)

Descendants

Church Slavonic: дума (duma) (Russian)

East Slavic: дума (duma, “advice, council; thought, intention; like-minded persons”), Дума (Duma)
- Belarusian: ду́ма (dúma, “thought”)
- Russian: ду́ма (dúma, “thought”)
  - → Bulgarian: дума (duma)
  - → Buryat: дүүмэ (düüme)
  - → Chinese: 杜馬／杜马/杜马 (dùmɑ̌)
  - → English: duma
  - → Macedonian: дума (duma)
  - ⇒ Mongolian: дум (dum)
  - → Romanian: dumă
  - → Yakut: дума (duma)
- Ukrainian: ду́ма (dúma, “thought; epic song”)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: ду́ма (dúma, “word, thought”)
- Macedonian: dial. дума (duma, “thought”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: ду̏ма (“(secret) thought; speech; mind, reason, memory”)
  Latin: dȕma
West Slavic:
- Polish: duma (“pride, self-esteem, arrogance”)
- Slovak: duma (“thinking, reasoning”)

Non-Slavic:
- → Latvian: duõma (“thought”)

References

Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia E. (2013) The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic‎ (in English), Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 77: “PSl. *duma ‘advice, thought, opinion’ (f. ā-stem)”
Olander, Thomas (2001), “duma”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132)”
Snoj, Marko (2016), “odmẹ́vati”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “pslovan. *dűma”

[Pronk-Tiethoff-1] Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia E. (2013) The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic‎ (in English), Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 77: “PSl. *duma ‘advice, thought, opinion’ (f. ā-stem)”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001), “duma”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132)”

[3] Snoj, Marko (2016), “odmẹ́vati”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “pslovan. *dűma”