Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bolto

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Eriophorum scheuchzeri, with white fluffy seed heads, is found throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere in acid bog habitats.

Etymology

Most likely substantivized[1] from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bálˀtas (“faint, white”). Cognate with Lithuanian báltas (“white”), balà (“swamp”), Latvian balts (“white”), and the second part of Old Prussian placename Namuyn-balt.

The semantic connection between "white" and "swamp, mud" is not obvious, but has been attested in many languages. Beside the mentioned Lithuanian, also in e.g., Old Polish biel (“mud, swamp”) (< *bělь, from *bělъ (“white”)). This is probably due to the widespread presence of the marsh grass called cottongrass (genus Eriophorum), whose the white fluffy seed heads are white, or the color of the dried clay taking light hue, depending on soil.

Though formally and semantically derivable from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelH- (“white”), with cognates such as Albanian baltë (“mud”), Romanian baltă (“mud, swamp”) and Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp”), it is often considered an Illyrian substratum word (or from another, unidentified substrate language; cf. Proto-Slavic *bala (“marsh”)) due to the fact that most of the cognates are restricted to the Balkan peninsula, or its surroundings. However, these can also be borrowings from early Slavic; indirect evidence shows that the Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony happened well after the spread of Slavic to the Balkans and the word must have been pronounced as *balta or *bolto as recently as the late 8th century.

Noun

*bòlto n[2][3][4][5]

swamp
mud

Declension

Declension of *bòlto (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*bòlto	*bòltě	*bòlta
Accusative	*bòlto	*bòltě	*bòlta
Genitive	*bòlta	*bòltu	*bòltъ
Locative	*bòltě	*bòltu	*bòltě̄xъ
Dative	*bòltu	*bòltoma	*bòltomъ
Instrumental	bòltъmь, bòltomь^*	*bòltoma	*bòltȳ
Vocative	*bòlto	*bòltě	*bòlta

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*boltěnъ
*boltina (“marshland”)
*bolišče (“swampy place”)
*boltuxъ
*boltъ (“swampy”)
*boltьnъ (“swampy; muddy”)
- *boltьno
- *boltьnica

Related terms

*bolna (“faintness; clump of mud”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: болото (boloto)
  - Old Ruthenian: болото (boloto)
    - Belarusian: бало́та (balóta)
    - Rusyn: болото (boloto)
    - Ukrainian: боло́то (bolóto)
  - Russian: боло́то (bolóto)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: блато (blato)
  Glagolitic: ⰱⰾⰰⱅⱁ (blato)
  - → Russian: бла́то (bláto)
- Bulgarian: бла́то (bláto)
- Macedonian: бла́то (bláto)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: бла̏то
  Latin: blȁto
- Slovene: bláto (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: bláto
  - Czech: bláto
    - Bohemian (Chod dialect): bláto
    - Moravian (Mistřice): bu̯ato
- Kashubian: błoto
- Old Polish: błoto
  - Polish: błoto
- Slovak: blato
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: błoto
  - Upper Sorbian: błóto

Non-Slavic:
- ⇒ Hungarian: Balaton (from derivative *boltьno)
- → Yiddish: בלאָטע‎ (blote)

References

Matasović, Ranko (2013), “Substratum words in Balto-Slavic”, in Filologija, volume 60, Zagreb, published 2014, page 76 of 75–102
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bòlto”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53: “n. o (a) ‘swamp’”
Olander, Thomas (2001), “bolto”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 151; PR 132)”
Kapović, Mate (2007), “The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch‎, University of Vienna, page 5: “*bőlto”
Snoj, Marko (2016), “blato”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *bőlto”

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2013), “Substratum words in Balto-Slavic”, in Filologija, volume 60, Zagreb, published 2014, page 76 of 75–102

[2] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bòlto”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53: “n. o (a) ‘swamp’”

[3] Olander, Thomas (2001), “bolto”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 151; PR 132)”

[4] Kapović, Mate (2007), “The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch‎, University of Vienna, page 5: “*bőlto”

[5] Snoj, Marko (2016), “blato”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *bőlto”