< Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-ŋja
Proto-Sino-Tibetan
Etymology 1
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ngyaɣ (Coblin, 1986); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *ngya (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *ŋya (LaPolla, 1987; Benedict, 1972); *ŋyɑ (Chou, 1972)
Noun
*s-ŋja
- fish
Descendants
- Old Chinese: 魚 ("fish"), 漁/䱷 ("to fish") (both: /*ŋa/ (ZS))
- (魚 in the oracle bone script)
- Middle Chinese: 魚, 漁/䱷 (both: /ŋɨʌ/)
→ Japanese: 魚 (ぎょ, gyo)
Korean: 어 (魚, eo)
Vietnamese: ngư (魚)
- Modern Mandarin
- Beijing: 魚, 漁 (yú, /y³⁵/)
- Cantonese
- Guangzhou: 魚, 漁 /jyː²¹/
- Wu
- Shanghai: 魚, 漁 /ɦŋ̍²³/
- Min
- Min Nan
- Taiwan: 魚, 漁 (both: /hi²⁴/, /hu²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡu²⁴/ (literary for 魚))
- Min Nan
- Himalayish
- Tibeto-Kanauri
- Bodic
- Kaike: ngā
- Tshangla: ŋa
- Tawang Monpa: ȵᴀ¹³ (ȵᴀ¹³)
- Tibetan
- Written Tibetan: ཉ (nya, “fish”)
- Dzongkha: ཉ (nya)
- Sherpa: ཉ (nya)
- Lepcha: ᰅᰫ (ngú, “fish”)
- Tamangic
- Tamang (Sahu): २तारङा (²tarŋa, “fish”)
- Eastern Tamang: 'tar ŋa
- Western Gurung: 'ta ŋa
- Manangba: dar² ŋa²
- Thakali: tɔr ŋɔ
- Bodic
- Newar
- Newar (Dolakhali): ङ (ŋa, “fish”)
- Newar (Kathmandu): ञ (nya, “fish”)
- Mahakiranti
- Kiranti
- Eastern Kiranti = Rai
- Limbu: ᤏᤠ᤺ (naː, “fish”)
- Yamphu: ङा (ṅā, “fish”)
- Northern Lorung: ङाः (ŋa, “fish”)
- Athpare: ŋa sa
- Western Kiranti
- Dumi: ङु (ŋu, “fish”)
- Khaling: ङो़ (ngö, “fish”)
- Bahing: ŋa
- Thulung: ŋoː
- Southern Kiranti
- Bantawa: na
- Kulung: ŋa
- Chamling: ngasa
- Eastern Kiranti = Rai
- Kiranti
- Tibeto-Kanauri
- Northeast Indian Areal Group
- North Assam
- Tani
- Western Tani
- Apatani: ŋúi
- Nyishi: ŋu-i
- Adi: o-ŋoː
- Galo: ŋoi
- Mising: ŋui
- Nyishi: ngui
- Deng
- Miju: ɑ³¹ ŋɑ⁵⁵
- Idu: ŋa
- Western Tani
- Kuki-Chin
- Northern Chin
- Siyin Chin: ngā sā
- Thado Chin: ngâa
- Tedim Chin: nga¹
- Southern Plains Chin
- Asho Chin: ngó
- Chinbon Chin: ŋo
- Mün Chin: nga
- Khumi Chin: ngoo
- Nga La: ŋa
- Daai Chin: ŋá
- Central Chin
- Lai: ŋàa
- Falam Chin: ŋâa
- Mizo: hŋa
- Maraic
- Mara Chin: ngá
- Northern Chin
- "Naga" areal group
- Central Naga
- Ao: ³a ¹ŋuʔ
- Lotha Naga: ¹o ²ŋo(ʔ)
- Sangtam Naga: ngu
- Yimchungru Naga: thü ngü
- Angami-Pochuri
- Pochuri Naga: anga
- North Nuaulu: anga
- Zemic
- Rongmei Naga: ŋa
- Central Naga
- Meithei
- Manipuri: ŋà
- Sal
- Bodo-Garo
- Garo: na·- (“prefix for types of fish”)
- Bodo (India): naʔ
- Atong (India): na•
- Dimasa: na
- Northern Naga
- Nocte Naga: ŋaʔ
- Tangsa: ŋaʔ
- Chang: ŋàu
- Khiamniungan Naga: ¹ŋo̥ᴜʔ
- Konyak Naga: nya
- Phom: ñaʔ
- Wancho: nya
- Jingpho
- Jingpho: ŋa⁵⁵
- Chak: təna
- Bodo-Garo
- Tani
- North Assam
- Tangut-Qiang
- Qiangic
- Ersu: ȵæ³⁵
- Guiqiong: tʃɿ⁵³ ȵi⁵³
- Queyu: ȵa¹³
- Shixing: ʔu⁵⁵
- Qiangic
- Nungic
- Anong: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
- Rawang: ŋɑ³³
- Drung: ŋɑ⁵⁵ pɿɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵
- Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
- Lolo-Burmese
- Burmish
- Written Burmese: ငါး (nga:, “fish”)
- Achang: ŋa³¹ ʂua³¹
- Pela: ŋə̆³¹ ta³¹
- Hpon: tă ŋàh
- Lhao Vo: ŋə̆³¹ tsɔ³¹
- Lashi: ŋə̆³¹ tso³³
- Marma: ŋá
- Anyin Morofo: ŋŏ²¹ tso²¹
- Loloish
- Northern Loloish
- Yi (Liangshan): ꉛ (hxe, “fish”)
- Katso: ŋa³¹ mɛ⁴⁴
- Nusu: ŋɑ⁵⁵
- Central Loloish
- Youle Jinuo: ŋɔ³³
- Buyuan Jinuo: ŋɔ⁴⁴ tɤ³¹
- Kucong: ŋʌ³¹
- Lahu: ŋâ
- Lisu: ŋuɑ⁵⁵
- Sani: ŋɒ⁵⁵
- Southern Loloish
- Akha: ŋà --> ŋà sjhà
- Enu: ŋà shà
- Hani: ŋa³¹ de⁵⁵
- Biyo: ŋa³¹ ɕa³¹
- Kaduo: ŋò shɔ̀
- Honi: ŋɔ³¹ ʃɔ³¹
- Mpi: ŋo²
- Southeastern Loloish
- Azha: a³³ ŋɔ²²
- Southern Muji: ŋa⁵⁵ mjɛ⁵⁵
- Phola: ŋɑ³¹ zɨ̠²³
- Hlepho Phowa: ŋa³³ ɡɯ²¹
- Phukha: ŋaʔ³⁵
- Phuza: ŋa³³ za³³
- Northern Loloish
- Burmish
- Lolo-Burmese
- Karenic
- S'gaw Karen: [script needed] (ȵa³¹)
- Bai
- Northern Bai: ŋu⁵⁵
- Southern Bai: ŋv³⁵
- Central Bai: ŋv⁵⁵
Etymology 2
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ŋya (Matisoff, STEDT); *d‑ŋa (Matisoff, 2003)
Noun
*s-ŋja
- tusk; tooth
Descendants
- Old Chinese: 牙 /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/ (B-S), /*ŋraː/ (ZS) ("tooth")
- Middle Chinese: 牙 (ŋˠa)
- Modern Mandarin
- Beijing: 牙 (yá, /ia³⁵/)
- Cantonese
- Guangzhou: 牙 /ŋaː²¹/
- Wu
- Shanghai: 牙 /ŋa²³/
- Modern Mandarin
- Min
- Min Nan
- Taiwan: 牙 /ɡe²⁴/ (colloquial), /ɡa²⁴/ (literary)
- Min Nan
- Middle Chinese: 牙 (ŋˠa)
See also
- *s-nja-k (“flesh, meat”)
- *r/s-ŋ(y)a (“borrow, lend”)
- *ŋa (“I”)
- *l/b-ŋa (“five”)