Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/l-(t/d)jam

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *l-(t)jam ⪤ *l-(d)jam (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987; Benedict, 1972)

This root combines two separate meanings. In some languages it means (to) fill, while in others straight or flat.

Adjective

*l-(t/d)jam

full
straight, flat

Verb

*l-(t/d)jam

fill

Descendants

Old Chinese:
斟 /*t.qəm/ (B-S); /*kljum/ (ZS) ("to pour")
淫 /*ɴ.rəm/ (B-S); /*lɯm/ (ZS) ("excessive")
- Middle Chinese:
  斟 /t͡ɕiɪm/

- →   Japanese:  斟 (しん, shin)
        Korean:  짐 (斟, jim)
        Vietnamese:  châm (斟)

- 淫 /jiɪm/

- →   Japanese:  淫 (いん, in)
        Korean:  음 (淫, eum)
        Vietnamese:  dâm (淫)

- - Modern Mandarin
    - Beijing:
      斟 (zhēn, /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/)
      淫 (yín, /in³⁵/)
  - Cantonese:
    斟 /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
    淫 /jɐm²¹/
Kuki-Chin: /*ɗim/ ("full")
- Northern Chin
  - Tiddim:
    /dim/ ("full") (LaPolla, 1987)
    /tam/ ("level") (LaPolla, 1987)
- Central Chin
  - Lai: /duʔ dîm/ ("fully satisfied")
Himalayish
- Bodic
  - Tibetan:
    གཏམ་པ (gtam pa, “to fill”)
    ཐམ་པ (tham pa, “full”)
    ལྟམས་པ (ltams pa, “fill (e.g. a vessel completely)”)
Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
- Lolo-Burmese
  - Burmish
    - Written Burmese: တန်း (tan:, “straight”) /táɴ/