Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaṯ̣m-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaṯ̣m-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʕaṯ̣m- m or f

1. bone

Inflection

Masculine:

Declension of *ʕaṯ̣m-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕaṯ̣mum	*ʕaṯ̣māna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ʕaṯ̣mim	*ʕaṯ̣mayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ʕaṯ̣mam
possessive forms
1st person	*ʕaṯ̣mī / *ʕaṯ̣mVya	—	*ʕaṯ̣mVni
2nd person m	*ʕaṯ̣mVka	*ʕaṯ̣mVkumā / *ʕaṯ̣mVkumay	*ʕaṯ̣mVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʕaṯ̣mVki		*ʕaṯ̣mVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʕaṯ̣mVšu	*ʕaṯ̣mVšumā / *ʕaṯ̣mVšumay	*ʕaṯ̣mVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʕaṯ̣mVša		*ʕaṯ̣mVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕaṯ̣muya for nom. case, *ʕaṯ̣miya for gen. case, *ʕaṯ̣maya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʕaṯ̣m- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʕaṯ̣muka *ʕaṯ̣māka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ʕaṯ̣mika *ʕaṯ̣mayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ʕaṯ̣maka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʕaṯ̣m- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʕaṯ̣muki *ʕaṯ̣māki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ʕaṯ̣miki *ʕaṯ̣mayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ʕaṯ̣maki

Femenine:

Declension of *ʕaṯ̣m-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕaṯ̣mum	*ʕaṯ̣māna	*ʕaṯ̣mātum
Genitive	*ʕaṯ̣mim	*ʕaṯ̣mayna	*ʕaṯ̣mātim
Accusative	*ʕaṯ̣mam
possessive forms
1st person	*ʕaṯ̣mī / *ʕaṯ̣mVya	—	*ʕaṯ̣mVni
2nd person m	*ʕaṯ̣mVka	*ʕaṯ̣mVkumā / *ʕaṯ̣mVkumay	*ʕaṯ̣mVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʕaṯ̣mVki		*ʕaṯ̣mVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʕaṯ̣mVšu	*ʕaṯ̣mVšumā / *ʕaṯ̣mVšumay	*ʕaṯ̣mVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʕaṯ̣mVša		*ʕaṯ̣mVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕaṯ̣muya for nom. case, *ʕaṯ̣miya for gen. case, *ʕaṯ̣maya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʕaṯ̣m- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʕaṯ̣muka *ʕaṯ̣māka *ʕaṯ̣mātuka Genitive *ʕaṯ̣mika *ʕaṯ̣mayka *ʕaṯ̣mātika Accusative *ʕaṯ̣maka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʕaṯ̣m- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʕaṯ̣muki *ʕaṯ̣māki *ʕaṯ̣mātuki Genitive *ʕaṯ̣miki *ʕaṯ̣mayki *ʕaṯ̣mātiki Accusative *ʕaṯ̣maki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒄊𒉻𒁺 (eṣemtum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: عَظْم‎ (ʿaẓm)
      • Gulf Arabic: عظم‎ (ʿaḏ̣am)
      • Maltese: għadma
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic: עַטְמָא‎ (ʿaṭmā)
        • Classical Syriac: ܥܰܛܡܳܐ‎ (ʿaṭmā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: עֶצֶם‎ ('étsem, ʿéṣem)
        • Phoenician: 𐤏𐤑𐤌‎ (ʿṣm)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎑𐎎 (ʿẓm /ʿaẓmu/)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Amharic: አጥንት (ʾäṭnət)
    • Ge'ez: አፅም (ʾäṣ́m)

References

• Alexander Militarev: Semitic etymology; entry *ʕat_̣m-(at-).