Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔil-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔil-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔil- m

1. deity, god

Inflection

Declension of *ʔil-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔilum	*ʔilāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ʔilim	*ʔilayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ʔilam
possessive forms
1st person	*ʔilī / *ʔilVya	—	*ʔilVni
2nd person m	*ʔilVka	*ʔilVkumā / *ʔilVkumay	*ʔilVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʔilVki		*ʔilVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʔilVšu	*ʔilVšumā / *ʔilVšumay	*ʔilVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʔilVša		*ʔilVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔiluya for nom. case, *ʔiliya for gen. case, *ʔilaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔil- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔiluka *ʔilāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ʔilika *ʔilayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ʔilaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔil- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔiluki *ʔilāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ʔiliki *ʔilayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ʔilaki

Coordinate terms

• *ʔilāhat-

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒀭 (ilum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: إِلّ‎ (ʾill)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:

        Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠢࠋ‎ (ʾĕl), ࠀࠜࠋࠠࠄ‎ (ēla), ࠀࠝࠋࠦࠄࠉ࠙ࠝࠌࠬ‎ (ʾelūwem)

      • Canaanite:
        • Ammonite: 𐤀𐤋𐤌‎ (ʾlm)
        • Hebrew: אֵל‎ (el, ʾēl)
        • Phoenician: 𐤀𐤋‎ (ʾl), 𐤀𐤋𐤕‎ (ʾlt), 𐤀𐤋𐤌‎ (ʾlm)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎛𐎍 (ỉl /ʾilatu/), 𐎛𐎍𐎚 (ỉlt)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩡‎ (ʾl)

Extended form *ʔilāh-:

• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: إِلَٰه‎ (ʾilāh), الله‎ (allāh)
      • Maltese: Alla, alla
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:

        Biblical Aramaic: אֱלָהָא‎ (ʾĕlāhā)

        Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠣࠋࠟࠄࠟࠄ‎ (ʾĕlāhā)

        • Lishana Deni: אִילָאהָא‎ (ʾīlāhā)
        • Mandaic: ࡀࡋࡀࡄࡀ‎ (alaha)
        • Classical Syriac: ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ‎ (ʾalāhā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: אֱלוֹהַּ‎ (elóah, ʾĕlốah), אֱלֹהִים‎ (elohím, ʾĕlōhîm)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩡𐩠‎ (ʾlh)