< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic
Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/kalb-
Proto-Semitic
Etymology
Diakonoff argues that the *-b of the root is likely a fossilized nominal class suffix pertaining to “harmful animals”, comparing Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- (“wolf”) as well as *ʕaḳrab- (“scorpion”), *ṯaʕlab- (“fox”), *dubb- (“bear”) and *ʔarnab- (“hare”).[1]
Noun
*kalb- m
- dog
Inflection
Declension of *kalb-
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *kalbum | *kalbāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | *kalbim | *kalbayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | *kalbam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1st person | *kalbī / *kalbVya | — | *kalbVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd person m | *kalbVka | *kalbVkumā / *kalbVkumay | *kalbVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd person f | *kalbVki | *kalbVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd person m | *kalbVšu | *kalbVšumā / *kalbVšumay | *kalbVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd person f | *kalbVša | *kalbVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kalbuya for nom. case, *kalbiya for gen. case, *kalbaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kalb-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kalb-
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Descendants
- East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌨 (kalbum)
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- Arabic: كَلْب (kalb)
- Gulf Arabic: چَلْب (/t͡ʃəlb/), جَلْب (čalb)
- Maltese: kelb
- Moroccan Arabic: كلب (kalb)
- → Ottoman Turkish: كلب (kelp)
- Northwest Semitic:
- Aramaic: כַּלְבָּא (kalbā)
- Classical Syriac: ܟܱ݁ܠܒܴ݁ܐ (kalbā)
- Canaanite:
- Hebrew: כֶּלֶב (kélev, kéleḇ)
- Phoenician: 𐤊𐤋𐤁 (klb)
- Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎍𐎁 (klb /kalbu/)
- Aramaic: כַּלְבָּא (kalbā)
- Old South Arabian:
- Sabaean: 𐩫𐩡𐩨 (klb)
- Hadramautic: 𐩫𐩡𐩨 (klb)
- Arabic: كَلْب (kalb)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
- Amharic: ከልብ (kälb)
- Ge'ez: ከልብ (kälb)
- Tigre: ከልብ (kälb)
- Tigrinya: ከልቢ (kälbi)
- Modern South Arabian:
- Mehri: كَوب (kawb)
- Central Semitic:
References
- Militarev, Alexander; Kogan, Leonid (2000–2005) Semitic Etymological Dictionary, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag
- Huehnergard, John (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN
- Diakonoff, Igor M. (1988) Afrasian Languages (Languages of Asia and Africa), Moscow: Nauka, page 57.