Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/əpat

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

**Proto-Malayo-Polynesian cardinal numbers**
< 3	4	5 >
Cardinal : *əpat

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /əpat/

Numeral

*əpat

four

Descendants

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat
- Central Maluku
  - East Central Maluku
    - Seram
      - Masiwang: fāt
      - Nunusaku
        Piru Bay
        East Piru Bay
        Seram Straits
        Ambon: *əpat
- Central Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Sumba-Flores
    - Bima: upa
    - Ende-Manggarai
      - Central Flores
        Ende-Li'o
        Palu'e: pa
        Rembong: pat
      - Manggarainese
        Komodo: paʔ
        Manggarai: pat
    - Flores-Lembata
      - Kedang-Lamaholot
        Lamaholot: pat
    - Sumba
      - Savu
        Sabu: epa
      - Sumba Island
        Sumbanese
        Kambera: patu
  - Timor-Babar
    - Nuclear Timor
      - West Timor
        Roti
        Bilba: ha
    - Southwest Maluku – Kisar
      - Southwest Maluku
        Leti (Indonesia): wo-ata
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *pat
  - Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *pat
    - South Halmahera
      - Buli
        Buli (Indonesia): fat
  - Oceanic: *pat
    - Admiralty Islands
      - Western Admiralty Islands
        Wuvulu-Aua: fa
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic
      - East Fijian
        Fijian: va
      - Polynesian: *fa
        Nuclear Polynesian
        Ellicean – Eastern Polynesian
        Anuta: pa
        Ellicean
        Kapingamarangi: haa
        Tuvalu – Eastern Polynesian
        Eastern Polynesian – Northern Outlier
        Eastern Polynesian
        Marquesic
        Hawaiian: hā
        South Marquesan: fa
        Rapa Nui: ha
        Tahitic
        Maori-Moriori
        Maori: whā
        Rarotongan: ā
        Rennellese: haa
        Samoan-Tokelauan
        Samoan: fā
        Tongic
        Tongan: fā
    - Micronesian
      - Gilbertese: a
      - Nuclear Micronesian
        Kosraean: ah-ŋ
        Trukic
        Ponapeic
        Pohnpeian: pah
        Ulithian-Woleaian
        Woleaian: faa
    - Western Oceanic
      - Meso-Melanesian
        Core Meso-Melanesian
        Saint Matthias
        Mussau-Emira: ata
      - North New Guinea
        Ngero-Vitiaz
        Huon Gulf
        Numbami: wata / ata
      - Papuan Tip
        Nuclear Papuan Tip
        North Papuan Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux
        Dobu-Duau
        Dobu: ata
- Kowiai: fat
- Selaru
  - Selaru: at
- Yamdena: fate / fat
Western Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat
- Borneo-Philippines
  - Barito
    - East Barito
      - Malagasy: éfatra
    - West Barito
      - Northwest Barito
        Siang: opat
  - North Bornean
    - North Sarawakan: *əpat
      - Berawan-Kelabitic
        Kelabitic
        Kelabit: epat
      - Kayan-Murik
        Kenyah
        Bakung: pat
        Modang-Kayan
        Kayan
        Kayan
        Rejang Kayan: pat
      - Melanau-Bintulu
        Bintulu: pat
        Melanau
        Central Melanau: pat
  - Philippine: *əpat
    - Greater Central Philippine
      - Central Philippine
        Tagalog: apat
        Visayan
        Cebuan
        Cebuano: upát
        Central Visayan
        Peripheral Visayan
        Hiligaynon: apat
        Western Visayan
        Aklanon: ap-at
      - Gorontalo-Mongondow
        Gorontalic
        Gorontalo: opato
        Mongondowic
        Mongondow: opat
      - Mindanao
        Danao
        Maranao: pat
      - Palawanic
        Kalamian
        Calamian Tagbanwa: epat
        Palawan
        Palawan Batak: epat
    - Minahasan
      - North Minahasan
        Tontemboan: epat
    - Northern Philippine
      - Northern Luzon
        Ilocano: uppat
        Northern Cordilleran
        Cagayan Valley
        Isnag: appát
        Ibanag-Gaddang
        Ibanagic
        Itawit: appát
        Casiguran Dumagat Agta: epát
        South-Central Cordilleran
        Central Cordilleran
        Nuclear Cordilleran
        Bontoc-Kankanay
        Central Bontoc: epát
        Ifugao
        Tuwali Ifugao: opát
    - Sangiric: *əpat
      - Sangir: epaʔ
    - Southern Mindanao
      - Tboli: fat
      - Tiruray: efot
    - Southern Mindoro
      - Hanunoo: úpat
  - Sama-Bajaw
    - Bajaw
      - West Coast Bajau: empat
- Sunda-Sulawesi
  - Celebic
    - Southeast Celebic
      - Kaili-Pamona
        Northern Kaili-Pamona
        Pamona
        Pamona: opo
        Southern Kaili-Pamona
        Uma: opoʔ
      - Muna-Buton
        Muna-Buton Nuklear
        Munan
        Munic
        Western Munic
        Muna: paa
        Wotu-Wolio
        Wolio-Kamaru
        Wolio: apa
  - Old Javanese: pat
    - Javanese: papat / pat
  - Lampungic: *paʔ
  - Malayo-Sumbawan
    - Madurese: empak
    - Malayo-Chamic
      - Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa
        Balinese: empat / patpat
        Sasak-Sumbawa
        Sasak: empat
      - Malayic: *əmpat
        Banjarese: ampat
        Ibanic
        Iban: empat
        Malayan
        Malay: empat / ampat / ĕmpat / ămpat / pat / امڤت‎ / ڤت‎
        Indonesian: empat
        Minangkabau: ampek
    - Sundanese: opat
  - Northwest Sumatran
    - Batak
      - Northern Batak
        Karo Batak: empat
      - Southern Batak
        Toba Batak: opat
    - Northern Barrier
      - Nias-Sikule
        Nias: õfa
      - Simeulue: at
  - South Sulawesi
    - Bugis
      - Tamanic
        Embaloh: ampat
    - Makassar
      - Makasar: appaʔ
    - Northern South Sulawesi
      - Mandar: appeʔ

External links

Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *əpat