Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/baqəʀu

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *baqəʀuh.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /baqəʀu/

Adjective

*baqəʀu

new (recently made or created)

Descendants

Proto-Philippine: *baqRu
- Batanic
  - Yami: vayo
  - Ivatan: vayu
  - Ibatan: bayo
- Northern Luzon
  - Arta: búru
  - Ilocano: baró
  - Cagayan Valley
    - Isnag: bagu
    - Ibanagic
      - Ibanag: bagu
      - Pamplona Atta: bagu
      - Gaddangic
        Gaddang: bawu
        Itawit: bahú
        Yogad: bágu
        Central Cagayan Agta: bagu
  - Meso-Cordilleran
    - Central Cordilleran
      - Isinai: beyu
      - Kalinga–Itneg
        Limos Kalinga: bagú
        Lubuagan Kalinga: baru
        Madukayang Kalinga: baru
        Tanudan Kalinga: baru
      - Nuclear Cordilleran
        Ifugao
        Batad Ifugao: balu
        Tuwali Ifugao: balu, bahu
        Bontok–Kankanay
        Bontok
        Central Bontoc: balú
        Eastern Bontoc: fiarú
        Kankanay
        Kankanaey: baló
        Northern Kankanay: balo
    - Southern Cordilleran
      - Pangasinan: bálo
      - Keley-I Kallahan: baluh
      - Kayapa Kallahan: bâllo
      - Karao: bado
  - Northeastern Luzon
    - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: bigu
    - Dupaningan Agta: bigu
    - Paranan: bigu
- Central Luzon
  - Kapampangan: báyu
  - Remontado Agta: bá'yu
  - Sambalic
    - Sambali: ba-yo
    - Botolan Sambal: bayo
    - Bolinao: ba'yo
    - Mag-Indi Ayta: bayu
    - Abenlen Ayta: bayo
    - Mag-Anchi Ayta: bayo
- Northern Mindoro
  - Iraya: bayó
  - Alangan: bayo
  - Tadyawan: bayukáy
- Ati: bédoʔ
- Manide–Alabat
  - Camarines Norte Agta: be-gí
- Greater Central Philippine
  - Central Philippine
    - Tagalog: bágo
    - Bikol
      - Bikol Central: bágo
      - Buhi'non Bikol: ba'go
      - Iriga Bicolano: bágo
    - Mansakan
      - Mansaka: bagu
      - Mamanwa: bag-o
      - Kalagan
        Kalagan: bagu
        Kagan Kalagan: bago
        Tagakaulu Kalagan: bagu
    - Visayan
      - Asi: bág-o
      - Cebuano: bag-o
      - Central
        Hiligaynon: bagú
        Masbatenyo: bág-o
        Waray-Waray: bag-o
        Romblomanon: bag'u
      - West
        Aklanon: bagó
        Caluyanun: bágo
        Inonhan: bágʔo
        Kinaray-a: bag-o
        Kuyan
        Cuyunon: bágo'
        Ratagnon: bago
      - South
        Butuan–Tausug
        Butuanon: bag-o
        Tausug: ba'gu, bagu
        Surigao
        Surigaonon: bag-o
        Tandaganon: bagʔu
  - Manobo
    - Kagayanen: bag-o
    - Binukid: bag-u
    - Ilianen Manobo: behu
    - Agusan Manobo: 'bag-u
    - Western Bukidnon Manobo: beg̵u
  - Subanen
    - Central Subanen: begu
    - Western Subanon: bogu
  - South Mangyan
    - Buhid: bago
    - Hanunoo: bag-u
    - Western Tawbuid: bagu
  - Palawanic
    - Palawan Batak: baʔgó
    - Brooke's Point Palawano: bagu
    - Central Palawano: bagu
    - Aborlan Tagbanwa: ba'gu
    - Central Tagbanwa: bago
  - Danao
    - Maranao: bago, bego
    - Maguindanao: bagú
    - Iranun: bagu
  - Gorontalo–Mongondow
    - Gorontalic
      - Gorontalo: bohu
      - Buol: bogu
      - Kaidipang: bogu
    - Mongondowic
      - Mongondow: bagu
      - Ponosakan: wahu
- Kalamian
  - Agutaynen: ba-lo
  - Calamian Tagbanwa: baklu
- Sangiric
  - North
    - Talaud: warru
    - Sangir: buhu
    - Sangil: βu'ru
  - South
    - Bantik: buhú
    - Ratahan: wuu
- Minahasan
  - Tontemboan: weru
  - Tombulu: weru
  - Tonsea: weru
  - Tondano: weru, beru
Basap–Barito
- Sama–Bajaw
  - Inabaknon: bag'o
  - Yakan: ba'ahu, bahu
  - Sulu
    - Pangutaran Sama: bahu
    - Central Sama: baha'u
    - Southern Sama: bahau
  - Borneo Coast
    - Mapun: bahau
    - West Coast Bajau: bau, bahau
    - Indonesian Bajau: bau, babau, babao
- Basap: baru
- East Barito
  - Dusun Witu: wa'o
  - Ma'anyan: wa'u, ba'u
  - Malagasy: vao
- West Barito
  - Ngaju: haru
North Bornean
- Northeast Sabahan
  - Ida'an: bagku
- Southwest Sabahan
  - Dusunic
    - Central Dusun: wagu
    - Coastal Kadazan: vagu
    - Rungus: vagu
  - Murutic
    - Timugon Murut: bagu
    - Tagal Murut: bahu
    - Burusu: bagu
  - Paitanic
    - Tombonuo: wagu
    - Upper Kinabatangan: wagu
- North Sarawakan
  - Bintulu: vaw
  - Dayic
    - Kelabit: beruh
    - Lun Bawang: beruh
- Central Sarawakan
  - Melanau
    - Central Melanau: ba'ou
    - Balingian Melanau: bahou
  - Kajang
    - Sekapan: baʔəw
    - Kajaman: baʔəw
    - Lahanan: bau
Land Dayak
- Benyadu–Bekati'
  - Benyadu': bahu
  - Bekati': bahṵː
  - Sara: bau
- Bidayuh
  - Bau Bidayuh: ba'uh
  - Biatah Bidayuh: bauh
  - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: bauh
- Southern Land Dayak
  - Ribun: baoh
  - Sanggau: baoh
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
- Batak
  - Northern
    - Dairi Batak: rembaru, rimbaru
    - Karo Batak: baru
  - Southern
    - Angkola Batak: baru
    - Mandailing Batak: baru
    - Simalungun Batak: baru
    - Toba Batak: baru
- Gayo: baru
- Mentawai: bau
- Nias: bohou
- Simeulue: afalu
Rejang: blau
Lampungic
- Lampung Api: bahyu
Moklenic
- Moken: keloy
- Moklen: kləi
Malayo-Sumbawan
- Malayo-Chamic
  - Proto-Chamic: *bahrɔw
    - Acehnese: barô
    - Coastal Chamic
      - Haroi: prɨ̆au
      - Cham
        Eastern Cham: ꨝꨣꨭꨥ (baruw)
        Western Cham: bahau
    - Highlands Chamic
      - Chru–Northern Chamic
        Chru: bərhəu
        Northern Chamic
        Northern Roglai: bahrơu
        Tsat: pʰiə¹¹
      - Jarai–Rhade
        Jarai: phrâo
        Rade: mrâo
  - Proto-Malayic: *baharu
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: baru
      - Keninjal: baɣu
      - Mualang: baɣu
      - Seberuang: baɣow
    - Malayan
      - Brunei Malay: baru
      - Malay: baharu, baru
        Indonesian: baharu, baru
      - Pattani Malay: بارو‎ (baru)
      - Minangkabau: baru
    - Urak Lawoi': บารู (baru)
- Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
  - Balinese: bahu
  - Sasak: baru
  - Sumbawa: beru
- Sundanese: bahayu
Javanese: wau
South Sulawesi
- Bugis–Tamanic
  - Buginese: baru
  - Embaloh: baru
- Makassaric
  - Makasar: beru
- Seko
  - Seko Padang: baru
- Northern
  - Mandar: baru
  - Mamuju: bakaru, bakahu
  - Massenrempulu
    - Duri: baru
  - Toraja
    - Tae': ba'ru
    - Toraja-Sa'dan: ba'ru, bakaru
    - Mamasa: bakaru
  - Pitu Ulunna Salu
    - Aralle-Tabulahan: bakahu
    - Bambam: bakahu
Celebic
- Saluan–Banggai
  - Eastern
    - Banggai: boolu
    - Balantak: u'uru
  - Western
    - Saluan: buqou
- Bungku–Tolaki
  - Eastern
    - Mori Bawah: wo'u, wo'ohu
  - Western
    - Interior
      - Mori Atas: wo'u
      - Padoe: woou, wo'u
    - West Coast
      - Kodeoha: wuohu
      - Tolaki: wo'ohu, wu'ohu
- Kaili–Pamona
  - Northern
    - Da'a Kaili: bou
    - Pamona: wo'u
  - Southern
    - Uma: bo'u
    - Badaic
      - Bada: wóꞌu
      - Napu: wou
- Muna–Buton
  - Buton
    - Cia-Cia: vukou
    - Kumbewaha: wukou
    - Lasalimu: wukou
  - Munic
    - Muna: bughou, bu'ou
    - Kioko: wu'ou
  - Tukangbesi–Bonerate
    - Bonerate: wo'ou
    - Tukang Besi South: ɸoʔou
- Tomini–Tolitoli
  - Tajio: vou
  - Tomini: bou
  - Totoli: bobou
- Wotu–Wolio
  - Wotu: warru
  - Wolio: baau
  - Laiyolo: bau
    - → Selayar: bau
Chamorro: på'go
Palauan: beches
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
- Central Malayo-Polynesian
  - Bima: bou
  - Sumba–Flores
    - Laboya: beru, ber
    - Manggarai: weru
    - Rembong: waru
  - Flores–Lembata
    - Adonara: wu'u
  - Kei–Tanimbar
    - Fordata: veru
    - Arguni: popʷaro
  - Central Maluku
    - East Central Maluku
      - Banda–Geser
        Geser-Gorom: wouwou
      - Nunusaku
        Asilulu: helu
        Laha (Indonesia): heru
    - West Central Maluku
      - Buru (Indonesia): fehu
      - Taliabu: fohu
  - Timoric
    - Galoli: heyu
    - Helong: balu
    - Kisar: worworu
    - Leti (Indonesia): waru
    - Tetum: foun
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
  - South Halmahera–West New Guinea
    - Mor (Austronesian): behaʔú
    - Waropen: boa, woa
    - Cenderawasih Bay
      - Biakic
        Biak: babo
        Dusner: vavou
      - Yapen
        East
        Kurudu: woru
        Central–West
        Ambai: vevoru, waworu
        Ansus: veworu, vevoru, waworu
        Munggui: baboru
        Pom: vaworu
        Serui-Laut: vavoru
        Wandamen: vavoru, baboru
        Woi: vevoru
    - Halmahera Sea
      - Ma'ya–Matbat:
        Matbat: wa³w
      - South
        Buli (Indonesia): po
        Gane: pou
        East Makian: powo
  - Proto-Oceanic: *paqoʀu
    - Admiralty Islands
      - Western
        Seimat: haun
      - Eastern
        Manus
        West Manus
        Nyindrou: haʔun
        Sori-Harengan: mabaːu
        Intermediate
        Loniu: mahun
        Mokerang: mahun
        Pak-Tong: baːhun
        East Manus
        Andra-Hus: ahun
        Gele': mabawin
        Leipon: mahun
        Ponam: fon
        Titan: maun
        Southeast
        Baluan-Pam: boun
        Lou: papaeun
        Nauna: ohun
    - St. Matthias Islands
      - Mussau-Emira: ouna
    - Western Oceanic
      - Meso-Melanesian
        Bali–Vitu
        Uneapa: vaghoru
        Muduapa: vaǥoru
        Northwest Solomonic
        Mono–Uruavan
        Alu: haoluna
        Torau: auru
        Uruava: vaoru
        Piva–Bannoni
        Lawunuia: evaunu
        Ysabel
        Cheke Holo: valu
        Gao: valu
        Kokota: foforu
      - North New Guinea
        Huon Gulf
        Numbami: wou
        Ngero–Vitiaz
        Bel
        West Bel
        Takia: fou
        Gedaged: faun
        Matukar: haun
        East Bel
        Biliau: fou
        Wab: fau
        Ngero
        Bariai
        Bariai: pau
        Kove: pau
        Malalamai: pou
        Tuam
        Gitua: pagu
        Mutu: pagu
        Sarmi–Jayapura
        Sobei: fefou
        Schouten
        Manam: wawau
      - Papuan Tip
        Nuclear Papuan Tip
        Bwaidoga
        Bwaidoka: vagu
        Iduna: ivaguna
        Iamalele: ivauna
        Koluwawa: kaivauna
        Dobu–Duau
        Sewa Bay: auwauna
        Dobu: auwauna
        Molima: vauvauna
        Suauic
        Auhelawa: vauvau
        Oya'oya: faufau
        Saliba (New Guinea): hauhau
        Are–Taupota
        Are
        Mukawa: wauna
        Taupota
        Tawala: wouna
        Wedau: vouna
        Gumawana: vau
        Kilivila–Misima
        Kilivila: vau
        Misima-Paneati: vavaluna
        Muyuw: kwéivaw
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic
      - Micronesian
        Chuukic–Pohnpeic
        Chuukic: *faú
        Carolinian: ffé
        Chuukese: fé
        Mortlockese: sééfé
        Puluwat: hééfé
        Satawalese: fféé
        Sonsorolese: taifaú
        Tobian: taiföü
        Woleaian: fféé, ffeo
      - Southeast Solomonic
        Gela–Guadalcanal
        Gelic
        Gela: vaolu
        Lengo: vaolu
        Guadalcanal
        Birao: vaolu
        Ghari: vaolu
        Malango: vaolu
        Talise: vaoluna
        Longgu–Malaita–Makira
        Longgu: vaolu
        Malaita–Makira
        Sa'a: haolu
        Makira
        Arosi: haoru
        Bauro: haoru
        Fagani: haoru
        Malaita
        Central–North Malaita
        Kwaio: hoolu
        Kwara'ae: faulu
        Lau: fālu
        To'abaita: fālu, faalu
        Southern Malaita
        'Are'are: haoru
        Oroha: haoru
      - Central Pacific
        Western Central Pacific
        Western Fijian: vou
        Eastern Central Pacific
        Fijian: vou
        Proto-Polynesian: *foqou
        Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
        Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
        Marquesic:
        Hawaiian: hou
        Mangarevan: ʻou
        North Marquesan: hou
        South Marquesan: hou
        Rapa Nui: ho'ou
        Tahitic:
        Cook Islands Maori:
        Mangaian: ‘ou
        Rakahanga-Manihiki: fōu, hou
        Rarotongan: ‘ōu
        Tongarevan: hōu
        French Polynesia:
        Rapa: ‘ou
        Tahitian: hou
        Tuamotuan: hōu
        New Zealand Maori-Moriori:
        Maori: hōu
        Moriori: hou
        Western Polynesian:
        Ellicean—Outlier:
        Kapingamarangi: hou, hoou
        Nuguria: hoou, fou
        Nukumanu: hoou
        Nukuoro: hoou
        Pileni: hou
        Sikaiana: hou
        Takuu: fou, hoou
        Tuvaluan: foou
        Futunic:
        Anuta: pou
        East Futuna: fo'ou
        Emae: fou
        Futuna-Aniwa: fou, fau (Aniwa)
        Mele-Fila: foou
        Pukapukan: wōu
        Tikopia: fou
        West Uvean: foou
        Samoic:
        Samoan: fou
        Tokelauan: fou
        Tongic:
        Niuafo'ou: foʻou
        Niuean: foou
        Tongan: foʻou
      - Southern Oceanic
        Central Vanuatu
        Eton (Vanuatu): fau
        Lelepa: fau
        North Efate: vau
        South Vanuatu
        Sie: itvau
        Ura (Vanuatu): arvau

References

Blust, Robert & Stephen Trussell, Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *baqeRuh.
Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
Kamholz, D.C. (2014) Austronesians in Papua: Diversification and Change in South Halmahera–West New Guinea‎, Berkeley: University of California, page 162
Smith, A. (2017) The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification, dissertation, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.