Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/berg-

This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Kartvelian

Etymology

Compare Chechen берг (berg, “pickaxe”), зӏок-берг (zˀok-berg), Ingush барг (barg), Bats ბრაგ (brag), Lak бург (burg, “sledge hammer”), Rutul буркӏ (“hammer”), Archi буркӏ (burkʼ, “hammer”).

Root

*berg-

to hoe, hack

Descendants

Proto-Georgian-Zan:
- Zan:
  - ⇒ Laz: ბერგი (bergi, “hoe”), ბერჯი (berci), ობერგუ (obergu, “hoeing, hacking”)
    - → Armenian: փերգ (pʿerg)
  - ⇒ Mingrelian: ბერგი (bergi, “hoe”), ბარგუა (bargua, “hoeing, hacking”)
⇒ Svan: ბერგ (berg, “hoe”), ბე̄რგ (bērg), ლიბე̄რგე (libērge, “hoeing, hacking”), ლიბჷრჯე (libərǯe, “hoeing, hacking; any kind of digging”)

References

Penrixi (Fähnrich), Hainc; Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab (2000) Kartvelur enata eṭimologiuri leksiḳoni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Georgian), 2nd edition, Tbilisi: Tbilisi Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani State University Press, page 104
Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 59
Klimov, G. A. (1998) Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 11
Климов, Г. А. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 49–50
Čuxua, Merab (2007) Iberiul-ičkeriul enata šedarebiti gramaṭiḳa [Ibero-Ichkerian Comparative Grammar] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Press, page 125, 247, adds Svan ლიბჷრჯე (libərǯe). However the connection with Georgian მარგვლა (margvla, “weeding; hoeing”), მარგილი (margili, “stake, picket”) needs more argumentation (compare also Čikobava:1938)
Gamq̇reliʒe, Tamaz; Mač̣avariani, Givi (1965) Sonanṭta sisṭema da ablauṭi kartvelur enebši [The system of sonants and ablaut in Kartvelian languages]‎ (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Academy Press, page 162
Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Mačavariani, Givi I. (1982) Sonantensystem und Ablaut in den Kartwelsprachen: Eine Typologie der Struktur des Gemeinkartwelischen (Ars Linguistica; 10) (in German), translated into German, edited and provided with an afterword by Winfried Boeder, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, pages 6, 16, 91
Starostin, S. A. (2005), “*berg-”, in Kartvelian etymological database compiled on the basis of G. Klimov's and Fähnrich-Sarjveladze's etymological dictionaries of Kartvelian languages
Nikolayev, S. L.; Starostin, S. A. (1994), “*bɨ̆lVgwi”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary, Moscow: Asterisk Publishers