Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/θanǰáyati

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *tʰanǰʰáyati or *tanǰʰáyati, from Proto-Indo-European *tongʰ-éye-ti, from *tengʰ- (“to pull, weigh down”) +‎ *-éyeti. *θ- is unexpected; perhaps the result of the influence of a similar word.

Verb

*θanǰáyati[1][2][3]

to pull
to weigh (down)

Derived terms

*āθanǰáyati (“to draw, draw up, draw out”)
- Parthian:
  Parthian: 𐫀𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫏𐫅‎ (ʾhynjyd), 𐫀𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫏𐫏𐫅‎ (ʾhynjyyd /āhenǰ-/)
  - → Middle Persian: (/āhanǰēd/)
    Manichaean: 𐫀𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫉𐫏𐫅‎ (ʾhynzyd /āhanzēd/)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhncyt)
    - Persian: آهیختن‎ (āhixtan), آهنگ‎ (âhang)
- Zazaki: ānǰen-
*awaθanǰáyati (“to pull up?”)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫀𐫇𐫍𐫗𐫋𐫏‎ (ʾwhnjy /ōhenǰ-/, pres.stem?)
*fraθanǰáyati (“to pull towards”)
- Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (fraθaṇjaiieⁱti, “to drive to”)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫜𐫡𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫀𐫆‎ (frhynjʾẖ /frahenǰ-/, “to instruct, educate”, 2sg.subj.)
  - → Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (plhhtn /frahixtan/, “to educate, instruct, teach”)
    - Persian: فرهیختن‎ (farhixtan), فرهنگ‎ (farhang)
*niθanǰáyati (“to pull back”)
- Bactrian: ναυαγγο (nauaggo), ναυαγγινδο (nauaggindo)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (nuhaṃj-)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫗𐫍𐫗𐫋𐫏𐫗𐫅‎ (nhnjynd /nihenǰ-/, 3pl.pres.)
- Middle Persian:
  Manichaean: 𐫗𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫉𐫀𐫅‎ (nhynzʾd /nihenzād/, subj.)
  Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nhʾht /nihāxt/, perf.pass.)
- → Old Armenian: նահանջեմ (nahanǰem, “to retreat”)
*pariθanǰáyati (“to stretch”)
- Sogdian:
  Buddhist: [script needed] (prδʾɣtʾkw ɣʾy, 3sg.pret.intr.)
  Christian: [script needed] (pryθyncnt, 3pl.impf.)
*patiθanǰáyati (“to pull out; to weigh”)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (pθxs-, “to take refuge in (God)”)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫛𐫅𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫋𐫀𐫆‎ (pdhynjʾẖ /padhenǰ-/, “to weigh”, 2sg.subj.)
- Sogdian: (/pati-/, “to pull out”)
  Buddhist: [script needed] (pδʾyncʾt)
  Manichaean: 𐫂𐫇𐫎‎ 𐫛𐫔𐫔𐫀𐫄𐫎𐫏𐫏‎ (βwṯ‎ pδδʾɣṯyy, “is pulled out”)
*upaθanǰáyati (“to pull up”)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (bāthaṃj-, “to pluck out”)
- → Old Armenian: պահանջեմ (pahanǰem, “to demand back”)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬚𐬀𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙𐬈‎ (θaṇjaiieṇte, 3pl.pres.med.)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (thaṃj-)
  - Wakhi: [script needed] (tanj-)
    - → Kermanic:
      Isfahani: [script needed] (tanj-)
- Sogdian: (/θeṁč-/)
  Buddhist: [script needed] (δyncʾk, “to pull out”, pres.part.)
  - → Persian: لنجیدن‎ (lenjidan, lanjidan) (Balkhi)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Sanglechi: [script needed] (inj-)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: ھەڵ-ھێنجان‎ (hell-hêncan)
  Southern Kurdish: ھەڵ-ھێنجانن‎ (hell-hêncanin), ئەڵ-ونجانن‎ (ell-wincanin)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *θanǰáyati
  - Proto-Komisenian:
    - Aftari: anj-
    - Sangisari: [script needed] (enj-)
  - Old Median: *θanǰáyati (“to draw (water), irrigate”)
    - Middle Median: *hanǰēd
      - Kermanic: (“to irrigate”)
        Gazi: [script needed] (enj-)
        Khuri, Soi: [script needed] (henj-)
      - Tatic:
        Central Tati: (h)enj-
        Southern Tati: hönj-
        Talysh: [script needed] (hinj-), [script needed] (xənj-)
      - → Middle Persian:
        Book Pahlavi: 𐮴𐮵𐮿𐯍𐮲𐯁‎ (hncyt /hanǰēd/, “to draw (water)”)
        Persian: هنجیدن‎ (hanjīdan)
    - Semnani: [script needed] (inj-)
- → Old Persian: [script needed] (*θanǰayati)
  - Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi: 𐮽𐮵𐮿𐯍𐮲𐯁‎ (s'cyt /sanǰed/, “to weigh”)
    - Persian: سختن‎ (saxtan), سنجیدن‎ (sanjidan)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Shirazi: [script needed] (tanzīdan, “to weigh”)[4] (dated?)

References

Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*θanǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 391-392
Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 213
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta
Lentz, Wolfgang (1926), “Die nordiranischen Elemente in der neupersischen Literatursprache bei Firdosi”, in Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik‎ (in German), volume 4, page 301 of 251–316

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*θanǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 391-392

[2] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 213

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta

[4] Lentz, Wolfgang (1926), “Die nordiranischen Elemente in der neupersischen Literatursprache bei Firdosi”, in Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik‎ (in German), volume 4, page 301 of 251–316