Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čárma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čárma (compare Sanskrit चर्मन् (cárman)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kér-mn̥, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”) +‎ *-mn̥.

Noun

*čárma[1][2][3][4][5][6]

skin, hide, leather

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬥‎ (car^əman)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *cā́rma
  - Ossetian:
    Digor: царм (carm)
    Iron: цар (car)
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (tcārman)
- Sogdo-Batrian:
  - Khwarezmian: څرم‎ (crm /carm/), چرم‎ (črm /čarm/), جرم‎ (ǰrm /ǰarm/)
  - Sogdian:
    Sogdian: 𐼿𐽀𐼺‎ (crm /čaṙm/)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri: څرمون‎ (carmún)
- Shughni: čarm
- Pashto:
  Waziri: څرمن‎ (carman)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi:
  Western Balochi: چرم‎ (čarm)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: çerm
  Central Kurdish: چەرم‎ (çerm)
  Southern Kurdish: چەرم‎ (çerm)
  Laki: چەرم‎ (çerm)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *čárma
  - Caspian:
    - Gilaki: چرم‎ (čərm)
    - Shahmirzadi: چرم‎ (čarm)
  - Proto-Komisenian:
    - Lasgerdi: چرم (čarm)
    - Sangisari: چرم (čarm)
    - Sorkhei: چرم (čarm)
  - Old Median: *čárma
    - Middle Median: *čárm
      - Kermanic:
        Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Qohrudi, Sedehi, Vonishuni: چرم‎ (čarm)
        Zefrehi: [script needed] (čärm)
      - Sivandi: چرم (čarm)
    - Semnani: چرم (čarm)
  - Parthian:
    Manichaean: 𐫝𐫡𐫖‎ (crm /čarm/)
- Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
  - Gurani:
  - Zazaki: çermê
    Talakhedeshki: چەرم‎ (čarm)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎨𐎼𐎶𐎴 (c-r-m-n /carman/)
  - Middle Persian: (/čarm/)
    Manichaean: 𐫝𐫡𐫖‎ (crm)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (clm')
    - Persian: چرم‎ (čarm)
→ Old Armenian: ճարմանդ (čarmand) (probably)

References

Blažek, Václav (2013), “On Classification of Middle Iranian Languages (Preliminary Report)”, in Linguistica Brunensia‎, volume 61, issue 1-2, ISSN 1803-7410, page 67
Cantera, Alberto (2017), “The phonology of Iranian”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, volume 1, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, VI. Iranian, page 13
Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 27
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 182
Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 211
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “čarman-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 231

[Blazek-1] Blažek, Václav (2013), “On Classification of Middle Iranian Languages (Preliminary Report)”, in Linguistica Brunensia‎, volume 61, issue 1-2, ISSN 1803-7410, page 67

[2] Cantera, Alberto (2017), “The phonology of Iranian”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, volume 1, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, VI. Iranian, page 13

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 27

[4] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 182

[5] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 211

[6] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “čarman-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 231