Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/úštrah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *úštras.

Noun

*úštrah m[1][2][3][4]

camel

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀‎ (uštra)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Saka: *úžli[2]
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (ulä), [script needed] (ūlä)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Sogdic: *uxštrí[3][5]
    - Sogdian: (/ᵊxʷəštrí/)
      Buddhist: [script needed] (ʾɣwštry)
      Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (xwštry)
      Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾxwštry)
      Syriac: ݎܘܫܬܪ‎ (xwštr)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: اوښ‎ (uḳh)
- Sanglechi-Ishkashimi: [Term?]
  - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (štur)
  - Sanglechi: [script needed] (ᵊštər)
- Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *úštur (see there for further descendants)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: اشتر‎ (uštar), ہشتر‎ (huštur)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: hiştir, wiştir
  Central Kurdish: حوشتر‎ (ḥushtir), وشتر‎ (wishtir)
- Medo-Parthian: *úštrəh
  - Mazanderani: شتر‎ (šeter)
  - Old Median: *úštrəh (see there for further descendants)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *uššaʰ
  - ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎢𐏁𐎲𐎠𐎼𐎡 (u-š-b-a-r-i /ušabārim/, “camel rider”, acc.sg.)
  - ⇒ Old Persian: *Vāuššaʰ (“having good camels”) (personal name)
    - → Elamite: 𒈠𒌋𒅖𒃻 (ma-u-iš-šá)
→ Akkadian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/udru/, “camel with two humps”)
→ Urartian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/ulṭu/, “Bactrian camel”)
- → Old Armenian: ուղտ (ułt)

References

Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎, volume 15, Brill Academic Publishers, page 180
Bailey, H. W. (1979), “ula-, ūla-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 40b
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “aṣ̌tы́r”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 87-88
Gharib, B. (1995), “Proto-Iranian/úštrah”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 30

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎, volume 15, Brill Academic Publishers, page 180

[Bailey-2] Bailey, H. W. (1979), “ula-, ūla-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 40b

[Novak-3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124

[4] Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “aṣ̌tы́r”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 87-88

[5] Gharib, B. (1995), “Proto-Iranian/úštrah”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 30