Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/yugám

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yugám, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

Noun

*yugám n[1]

yoke

Related terms

*yáwgah (“yoke”)[2] (< PII *yáwgas)

Derived terms

*frayugáH (“yoke-rope”)[2] (+ *fra-)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: *𐬫𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (*yuua)
  - Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬫𐬋𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬌‎ (yuyōsəmi)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdian:
  - Syriac: [Syriac needed] (yɣw)
- Yagnobi: yuɣ
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ishkashimi: yōɣ
- Pashto: جغ‎ (źëǧ, juǧ), جوغ‎ (źuǧ), ځغ‎ (źeǧ), زغ‎ (zëǧ)
- Shughni-Yazgulami: *yúɣ
  - Shughni: yuɣ
  - Yazgulyam: yoɣ
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish: cûk (ǰūk)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫏𐫇𐫃‎ (ywg)
  - → Classical Persian: یوغ‎ (yūğ), یغ‎ (yōğ), [script needed] (yū)
    - Dari: یوغ‎ (yūğ)
    - Iranian Persian: یوغ‎ (yuğ)
    - Tajik: [script needed] (yuɣ)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Classical Persian: جوغ‎ (ǰūğ)
  - Shakhdari: جغ (ǰoğ)
  - Iranian Persian: جغ‎ (ǰoğ)

References

Edelʹman, D. I. (2011), “*i̭uga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 103-104
Morgenstierne, George (1938) Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard)

[1] Edelʹman, D. I. (2011), “*i̭uga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 103-104

[IIFL-2] Morgenstierne, George (1938) Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard)