Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/xšiHrám

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám, possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.[1]

Noun

*xšiHrám n[2][3][4]

milk
Synonyms: *xšwiptah, *páyHah, *páyHmā

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xšiHrám	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráH
vocative	*xšiHrám	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráH
accusative	*xšiHrám	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráH
instrumental	*xšiHrā́	*xšiHráybyaH	*xšiHrā́yš
ablative	*xšiHrā́t	*xšiHráybyaH	*xšiHráybyah
dative	*xšiHrā́y	*xšiHráybyaH	*xšiHráybyah
genitive	*xšiHráhya	*xšiHráyāh	*xšiHrā́nam
locative	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráyaw	*xšiHráyšu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- >? Khotanese: [script needed] (tcīratsa, “sweet juice”) (+ *cyah?[5])
- Ossetian: (/(ā)xšēr/)
  Digor: ӕхсир (æxsir), хсир (xsir)
  Iron: ӕхсыр (æxsyr), хсыр (xsyr)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
  - Munji: خشیر (xšīr)
  - Yidgha: خشیره‎ (xšīra)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: شیر‎ (šír)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: شیر‎ (şîr)
  Northern Kurdish: şîr
  Southern Kurdish: شیر‎ (şîr)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/šīr/)
  Manichaean: 𐫢𐫏𐫡‎ (šyr), 𐫢𐫏𐫏𐫡‎ (šyyr)
  Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (HLḆA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (šyl)
  - Lurish:
    Northern Luri: شیر‎ (šīr)
    Bakhtiari: شیر‎ (šīr)
    Southern Luri: شیر‎ (šīr)
  - Classical Persian: شیر‎ (šīr)
    Dari: شیر‎ (šir)
    Iranian Persian: شیر‎ (šir)
    Tajik: шир (šir)
    - → Gilaki: شیر‎ (šīr)
    - → Hindustani:
      Hindi: शीर (śīr)
      Urdu: شیر‎ (šer)
    - → Ottoman Turkish: شیر‎ (şîr)
      - Turkish: şir

References

Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎, Helsinki
Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018), “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 582
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “ksīrá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 433
Kim, Ronald I. (2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎, volume 112, DOI:10.1515/9783110192858.1.47, ISSN 0019-7262, page 50
Bailey, H. W. (1979), “tcīratsa”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 140

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎, Helsinki

[2] Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018), “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 582

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “ksīrá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 433

[4] Kim, Ronald I. (2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎, volume 112, DOI:10.1515/9783110192858.1.47, ISSN 0019-7262, page 50

[5] Bailey, H. W. (1979), “tcīratsa”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 140