Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wŕ̥kah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wŕ̥kas, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Cognate with Sanskrit वृक (vṛ́ka).

Noun

*wŕ̥kah m

wolf

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wŕ̥kah	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kā
vocative	*wŕ̥ka	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kā
accusative	*wŕ̥kam	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kānh
instrumental	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kaybyaH	*wŕ̥kāyš
ablative	*wŕ̥kāt	*wŕ̥kaybyaH	*wŕ̥kaybyah
dative	*wŕ̥kāy	*wŕ̥kaybyaH	*wŕ̥kaybyah
genitive	*wŕ̥kahya	*wŕ̥kayāh	*wŕ̥kānam
locative	*wŕ̥kay	*wŕ̥kayaw	*wŕ̥kayšu

Derived terms

*Wŕ̥kānah (“mythical founder of Narts”)
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀‎ (vəhrkāna)
- Ossetian: Уӕрхӕг (Wærxæg)
- Parthian: 𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍‎ (wrkn /Wurgān/)
- Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /Varkāna/)
  - Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭‎ (gʿlgʾn /Gurgān/)
    - Persian: گرگان‎ (Gorgân)
- → Ancient Greek: Ὑρκανία (Hurkanía) (see there for further descendants)
- → Old Armenian: Վրկան (Vrkan)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬀‎ (vəhrka)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: 𐨦𐨁𐨪𐨿𐨒𐨿𐨒‎ (birgga-)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: وریک‎ (wry̆k)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/wirk, wərk/)
      Sogdian: [script needed] (wyrk)
      Syriac: ܘܝܪܩ‎ (wyrq)
    - Yagnobi: урк (urk)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: لېوه‎ (lewə́), لیوه‎ (lēwə́) (*wr̥kah > *wr̥a >*r̥wa >*l̥wa)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi
  - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (urk)
  - Sanglechi: [script needed] (wurk)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji
  - Yidgha: ورغ‎ (wurγ)
  - Shughni: [script needed] (wūrj)
  - Yazghulami: [script needed] (warġ)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: گرک‎ (gurk), گورگ‎ (gwarg)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: گورگ‎ (gurg), وورگ‎ (wurg)
  Laki: گوِرگ‎ (gwirg)
  Northern Kurdish: gur, gurg, wirg
  Southern Kurdish: گوِرگ‎ (gwirg)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Caspian
    - Gilaki: ورگ‎ (vərg), گۊرگ‎ (gorg)
    - Old Mazanderani: ورگ‎ (werg)
      - Mazanderani: ورگ‎ (vərg, vorg)
  - Proto-Komisenian:
    - Sangisari: ورک (vark)
  - Old Median:
    - Old Azari: *ورگ‎ (*wurg)
      - Karingani: ورگ (vorg)
      - Harzani: ورگ (vorg)
    - Tafreshi:
      - Amorehi: ورک‎ (vork)
      - Ashtiani: ورگ‎ (verg)
      - Vafsi: ورگ‎ (vorg)
    - Talysh: (/varg/)
      Arabic: ورگ‎
      Latin: vərg
  - Parthian: (/gurg/)
    Manichaean: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃‎ (gwrg)
  - Zaza-Gurani:
    - Gurani: ۋەرگ‎ (ʋarg)
    - Zazaki: verg (varg)
Southwest Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣 (v-r-k /varka/)
  - Middle Persian: (/gurg/)
    Manichaean: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃‎ (gwrg)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwlg)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢‎ (gʿlg)
    Pazend: 𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬔‎ (gurg)
    - Classical Persian: گرگ‎ (gurg)
      Dari: گرگ‎ (gurg)
      Iranian Persian: گرگ‎ (gorg)
      Tajik: гург (gurg)
    - Lurish
      Bakhtiari: گرگ‎ (gorg)
      Northern Luri: گؤرگ‎ (gorg)