Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/káwfš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kewHp- (“heap; to heap”). Cognate with Old High German hubil, Old Saxon huvil (“hill”), Lithuanian kaũpas (“heap”), kaupiù (“to heap”).[1]

Noun

*káwfš ~ kupás[2]

hill, mountain
Synonym: *gr̥Híš
hump (of a camel)

Alternative reconstructions

*kawfah[3][4][2] (thematized)

Derived terms

*káwfaHnah
- Ishkashimi: [script needed] (kufon)
- Parachi: [script needed] (kō̈pân)
- Classical Persian: کوهان‎ (kōhān)
  Iranian Persian: کوهان‎ (kuhân)
  Tajik: кӯҳон (kühon)
  - →? Old Ossetic: *xonx
- Semnani: [script needed] (kopān)
- Shughni:
  Bajui: kūfůn
  Roshani: kūpōn

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀‎ (kaofa)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *kupi
  - Ossetian:
    Iron: къупп (k’upp)
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *kupi
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (kuvaa)
    - Wakhi: kəp
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kwf)
  - Sogdian:
    Manichaean: 𐫐𐫇𐫁‎ (kwb)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri: [script needed] (kūp)
- Pashto: کوب‎ (kub, kwab)
- Sanglechi: [script needed] (kīf)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Munji: [script needed] (kīfa)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (ḱifa)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
    - Shughni: kū
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
      - Sarikoli: kiep
      - Shughni:
        Bartangi, Oroshori: kūp
      - Vanji: kub, kup
    - Yazghulami: kəp
    - Yazghulami: kəpič, qəpič
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: [script needed] (kōpak)
- Northern Kurdish: kêf
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫐𐫇𐫜‎ (kwf), 𐫞𐫇𐫜‎ (qwf), 𐫞𐫇𐫛‎ (qwp)
- Semnani: [script needed] (kub, kwab, kub)
- Talysh: ку, куроғ
- Zazaki: کو (ko)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Kumzari: کو (kō)
- Lari: کو‎ (kü,kōw,kēb,kōh)
- Old Persian: 𐎣𐎢𐎳 (k-u-f /kaufaʰ/)
  - Middle Persian:
    Manichaean: 𐫐𐫇𐫛‎ (kwp), 𐫞𐫇𐫛‎ (qwp), 𐫐𐫇𐫜‎ (kwf)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwp)
    - Classical Persian: کوه‎ (kōh)
      - Iranian Persian: کوه‎ (kuh)
      - Tajik: кӯҳ (küh)
      - → Aynu: کوه‎ (kox)
      - → Hindi: कोह (koh)
      - → Kashmiri: کۄہ‎ (kọh), کۆہ‎ (koh)
      - → Urdu: کوہ‎ (koh)
      - → Yagnobi: кӯҳ (küh)
  - → Gojri: کوہ‎ (koh)
- → Old Armenian: կոհակ (kohak)

References

Bailey, H. W. (1979), “kuvaa-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 63
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “kəp”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 217-218
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 204: “Ir. *kau̯fa-”
Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “kwab”, in Elfenbein, J.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN

[1] Bailey, H. W. (1979), “kuvaa-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 63

[ESVJa-2] Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “kəp”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 217-218

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 204: “Ir. *kau̯fa-”

[4] Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “kwab”, in Elfenbein, J.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN