Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas.

Noun

*Hácwah m[1][2][3]

horse

Derived terms

*Hacwabāráh
*HacwaHastiš
*Hacwataráh

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀‎ (aspa)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Scythian: *áświ m, *áśwā f
  - Old Ossetic: *ǽspӕ, *ǽfsӕ
    - Ossetian:
      Digor: ӕфсӕ (æfsæ)
      Iron: ефс (efs)
    - ⇒ Old Ossetic: *Æspӕruk
  - Saka-Wakhi: *aświ
    - Khotanese: 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀰𑁎 (aśśä)
    - Wakhi: yaš
      - → Southwestern Fars:
        Burenjani: [Term?] (/уʌšɛ/), [script needed] (уūrk)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ασπο (aspo /asp/)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾsb), [script needed] (ʾsp /asp/)
  - Sogdic: *áspah
    - Sogdian:
      Buddhist: [script needed] (ʾspy /əspí/)
      Christian: [script needed] (spy /spí/), [script needed] (ʾspy /ᵊspí/)
      Manichaean: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫏‎ (ʾspy /əspí/)
      Sogdian: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷‎ (ʾspy /əspí/)
    - Yagnobi: asp
Southeastern Iranian:
- Munji-Yidgha:
  - Munji: [script needed] (yōsp), [script needed] (yosp)
  - Yidgha: [script needed] (yā̌sp), [script needed] (yasp)
- Ormuri-Parachi:
  - Ormuri:
    Kaniguram: [script needed] (yāsp), [script needed] (yansp)
    Logar: [script needed] (yâsp)
  - Parachi: ȫsp
- Pathan: *ā́sᵽă-[3]
  - Pashto:
    Afridi: [script needed] m (wā̊s), [script needed] f (wā̊spa)
    Pashto: آس‎ (ās), اس‎ m (as), اسپه‎ f (áspa)
    Waziri: [script needed] m (wōs), [script needed] f (wōspa)
  - Waneci: [script needed] (ās)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi:
  Eastern Balochi: اسپ‎ (asp)
  Western Balochi: اپس‎ (aps)
- Kurdish:
  - Northern Kurdish: hesp (hasp)
    - → Old Armenian: հասբ (hasb) (probably)
  - Central Kurdish: ئەسپ‎ (asp)
  - Southern Kurdish: ئەسپ‎ (asp)
  - Laki: ئەسپ‎ (asp)
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Gurani: ئەسپ‎ (asp)
  - Komisenian:
    - Biyabanaki: [script needed] (asp)
    - Lasgerdi: [script needed] (asb)
    - Sangisari: [script needed] (asb), [script needed] (asm)
    - Sorkhei: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsm)
  - Old Median: *áspəh
    - Middle Median: *asp
      - Kermanic:
        Farizandi, Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Khunsari, Natanzi, Zefrehi: asm
        Natanzi, Yazdi, Yarandi: asb
        Nayini: äsp
        Qohrudi, Vonishuni: asp
        Soi: äs
      - Sivandi: usūr
      - Tatic:
        Southern Tati: [script needed] (asb)
        Talysh: [script needed] (asb), [script needed] (asp)
    - Semnani: [script needed] (äsp)
    - → Akkadian: 𒊍𒉺𒀪 (as-pa-ʾ)
    - → Khinalug: спа (spa)
    - → Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /aspa/)
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (SWSYA /asp/)
        Bakhtiari: [script needed] (asp)
        Classical Persian: اسپ‎ (asp)
        Iranian Persian: اسپ‎ (äsp), اسب‎ (äsb)
        Tajik: асп (asp)
        Tat: [script needed] (æs)
        Judeo-Tat: [script needed] (həsb)
        → Southwestern Fars:
        Masarami: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsb)
        Samghani: [script needed] (asp)
        → Lari: [script needed] ('asp)
        → Southern Luri: [script needed] (asp)
  - Tabari:
    - Gilaki: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
    - Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi:
      - Mazanderani: [script needed] (asb)
      - Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿 (asa)
→ Northeast Caucasian: *ʼɨčʷe[4]
- Avaro-Andian: *ʼičʷa[4]
  - Akhvakh: ичва (ičva)
  - Andi: ица (ica)
  - Avar: чу (ču)
  - Chamalal: ис̌а (iša)
- Dargwa: урчи (urči)
- Khinalug: пши (pši)
- Lak: чву (čwu)
- Lezgi: шив (šiv)
→ Circassian: *č'ʷə[4]
- Abkhaz: а-ҽы́ (ā-čə́)
- Kabardian: шы (šə)
- Ubykh: č'ə
→ Kartvelian: [Term?]
- Georgian: [script needed] (acu'ca), [script needed] (acua)
→ Tocharian B: etswe

References

Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*āśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246
Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
Witzel, Michael (2003) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 20

[ESIJa-1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*āśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246

[Cathcart-2] Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley

[Novak-3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124

[Witzel-4] Witzel, Michael (2003) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 20