Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hwatā́wā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hwá (“self”) +‎ *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás, from Proto-Indo-European *tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés, from *tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwHsiH (“power, strength”), from *téwh₂s-ih₂[1]), *tewh₂- (“to be strong”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”).

Noun

*hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás m[2][3]

lord, sovereign, king
god

Derived terms

*hwatā́wniH f (“queen, lady, consort”)[2][4][5][6][7][8]
- Proto-Sogdic: *xwətyʷḗn f[5] (< earlier *xwatyʷā́yn[6])
  - Sogdian: (/xutēn/)
    Sogdian: 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻‎ (xwtʾyn), 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼳‎ (xwtʾynh)
    Old Sogdian: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼊𐼎𐼆‎ (ɣwtynh), 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼆‎ (ɣwtʾynh)
    Syriac: [Syriac needed] (xwṯyn)
- →? Proto-Turkic: *xātun (see there for further descendants)
- →? Xiongnu: 閼氐 (ʔɑt̚-tei) (or ⭠ Saka *hvatujn[6])
*hwatā́wyah (“lord”)[2]
- Bactrian: χοαδηο (xoadēo /xwadēw/), χοδδηιο (xoddēio), χοδδηοο (xoddēoo), χοδδηο (xoddēo), χοηοι (xoēoi), χοηοο (xoēoo), χοηο (xoēo)
  - → Inscriptional Parthian: 𐭄𐭕𐭉𐭅‎ (htyw /xadēw/, “title of Bactria and Arachosia Kings”) (in Paikuli inscription)
  - → Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭤𐭲𐭩𐭥‎ (htyw /xadēw/, “title of Bactria and Arachosia Kings”) (in Paikuli inscription)
    - Classical Persian: خدیو‎ (xadêw)
      Dari: خدیو‎ (xadêw)
      Iranian Persian: خدیو‎ (xadīv)
      Tajik: хадев (xadev)
      - → Armenian: խեդիվ (xediv)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: خدیو‎ (ḫediv, ḫıdiv)
        → Arabic: خِدِيو‎ (ḵidīw)
        → French: khédive
        → English: khedive
        Turkish: hediv, hıdiv, hidiv
      - → Urdu: خدیو‎ (khadev, khidev, khidīv)
  - → Late Sogdian:
    Manichaean: 𐫟𐫏𐫔𐫏𐫇‎ (xyδyw)
- >? Proto-Scythian: *hwaθyā́wi[9] (or ⭠ Caucasian, cf. Lezgian гъуцар (ġucar, “god”)[10])
  - Old Ossetic: *xučaw
    Alanic: χουτζαυ (khoutzau), χουτζαου (khoutzaou)
    - Ossetian: (“god”)
      - Digor: хуцау (xucaw)
      - Iron: хуыцау (x°ycaw)
    - →? Old Georgian: ხუცი (xuci), ხუცესი (xucesi)
*friyahwatā́wyah (“devoted sovereign”)[11]
- Bactrian: φρειχοαδηο (freixoadēo /frīxwadēw/)
- Sogdian: [script needed] (pryxwʾw /friyaxwatāw/)

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Saka: *hvatāu
  - Old Khotanese: 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦 (hvatana), [script needed] (hvatäna, “Khotan”, literally “the (land of the) lords[12]”)
    - Late Khotanese: [script needed] (hvaṃna), 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀦 (hvana), [script needed] (hvaṃ-)
    - → Ashokan Prakrit: [script needed] (khotana-)
    - → Middle Chinese: 于寘 (MC ɦɨo t͡ɕiᴇ^H)
    - → Sogdian:
      Old Sogdian: 𐼄𐼇𐼌𐼎𐼊𐼋‎ (ɣwδnyk)
    - → Tibetan: [script needed] (hu-ten), [script needed] (hu-den), [script needed] (huthen), [script needed] (yvu-then)
    - → Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvaḏane), [script needed] (hvaḏna)
  - Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvatā-), [script needed] (hvata-, “lord[13]”)
- Proto-Sogdic: *xwətāw
  - Sogdian: (/xutāw, xuδāw/)
    Manichaean: 𐫟𐫇𐫤𐫀𐫇‎ (xwtʾw), 𐫟𐫤𐫀𐫇‎ (xtʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫂𐫇‎ (xwβw)
    Old Sogdian: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼇‎ (ɣwtʾw)
    Syriac: [Syriac needed] (xwdʾw), [Syriac needed] (xwdw)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian:
  - Manichaean: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇‎ (xwdʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗‎ (xwdʾwn /xwadāwan/)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian:
  - Manichaean: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇‎ (xwdʾw /xwadāw/), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗‎ (xwdʾwn), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫇𐫗‎ (xwdʾwwn /xwadāwan/)
    - Persian: خدا‎ (xodā), Persian: خدای‎ (xodāy), Persian: خداوند‎ (xodāvand, “lord; God”) (see there for further descendants)

References

Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976), “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎, volume 18, issue 3–4, Brill, page 249
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103
Gharib, B. (1995), “γwtʾynh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178b
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 97
Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 9
Gharib, B. (1995), “γwtʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178a
Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 181
Bailey, H. W. (1980), “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry)‎, volume I, London, page 254
Abaev, V. I. (1985), “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, issue 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, pages 801‑803
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76
Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3
Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90

[1] Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976), “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎, volume 18, issue 3–4, Brill, page 249

[ESIJa-2] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103

[4] Gharib, B. (1995), “γwtʾynh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178b

[Novak-5] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 97

[Dybo-6] Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 9

[7] Gharib, B. (1995), “γwtʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178a

[8] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 181

[9] Bailey, H. W. (1980), “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry)‎, volume I, London, page 254

[10] Abaev, V. I. (1985), “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, issue 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, pages 801‑803

[11] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76

[12] Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3

[13] Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90