< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian
Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušmánah
Proto-Iranian
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánas, from Proto-Indo-European *dusménes. Equivalent to *duš- (“bad”) + *mánah (“mind, thought”). Cognate with Sanskrit: दुर्मनास् m (durmanā́s, “ill-dispositioned”), दुर्मनस् n (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”).
Adjective
*dušmánah n[1]
- ill-dispositioned, hostile
- (substantive) enemy
Descendants
- Central Iranian
- Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (dušmanah)
- Northestern Iranian:
- Bactrian: λρουμινο (lroumino), δρουμινο (droumino)
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: دژمن (dužman)
- Kurdish: (/dižmin/)
- Central Kurdish: دژمن (dižmin)
- Northern Kurdish: dijmin (dižmin)
- Southern Kurdish: دژمن (dižmin), دژمەن (dižman)
- Medo-Parthian: [Term?]
- Old Tati:
- Old Azari: دشمن (dišman)
- Harzani: dešmūn
- Zaza-Gorani: [Term?]
- Gurani: دژمەن (dižman), دژمەنە (dižamana)
- Zazaki: dişmin (dišmin), dışmin (dešmin)
- Old Tati:
- Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/dušman, dušmen/)
- Manichaean: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗 (dwšmn)
- Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwšmn')
- Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭬𐭭𐭩 (dwšmny)
- Psalter Pahlavi: 𐮐𐮀𐮌𐮇 (ŠANH)
- → Parthian: (/dušmen, dušman/)
- Manichaean: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗 (dwšmn)
- → Old Armenian: *թշման (*tʿšman)
- Armenian: թշնամի (tʿšnami)
- Lurish
- Northern Luri: دشمه (došme)
- Bakhtiari: دشمن (došmen)
- Classical Persian: دشمن (dušman) (see there for further descendants)
- Dari: دشمن (dušman)
- Iranian Persian: دشمن (došman)
- Tajik: душман (dušman)
- Middle Persian: (/dušman, dušmen/)
References
- Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*¹dauš-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 410-419