Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušHnā́ma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *Hnā́ma (“name”).

Noun

*dušHnā́ma n[1]

an insult

Descendants

Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: دشمان‎ (dušmàn), دژمان‎ (dužmàn)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: جنێو‎ (cnêw), جوێن‎ (cwên)
  Northern Kurdish: dijûn (dižūn), dicûn (diǰūn)
  Southern Kurdish: دشمین‎ (dišmīn), دژمین‎ (dižmīn), دژمان‎ (dižmān)
  Laki: دوشمین‎ (dušmīn)
- Medo-Parthian: *dušnā́ma
  - Gurani: دژمانی‎ (dižmanī)
  - Old Median: *dušnā́ma
    - Kermanic:
      - Zoroastrian Dari, Meymehi: دشمون‎ (dušmūn)
      - Zoroastrian Dari: دشوون‎ (dušvūn)
    - Talysh: (/dəšmān/)
      Arabic: دشمان‎
      Latin: dəşman
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (“with a bad reputation”)
  Manichaean: 𐫅𐫇𐫋𐫗𐫀𐫖‎ (dwjnʾm /dužnām/)
  Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwšnʾm /dušnām/)
  - Lurish:
    Bakhtiari: دشمون‎ (došmūn)
  - Persian: دشنام‎ (došnām), دژنام‎ (dožnām)
    - → Baluchi: دژنام‎ (dožnàm)
    - → Zoroastrian Dari: دشنوم‎ (dušnūm)

References

Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*¹dauš-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 410-419

[1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*¹dauš-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 410-419