< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian
Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/cáywaH
Proto-Iranian
Alternative forms
- *cáyHwaH
Etymology
Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćáyHwaH (“precious; treasure”) (whence Sanskrit शेव (śéva, “dear, precious”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱéyH-weh₂, from *ḱeyH-.
Noun
*cáywaH f
- apple
Inflection
aH-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *cáywaH | *cáyway | *cáywāh |
vocative | *cáyway | *cáyway | *cáywāh |
accusative | *cáywām | *cáyway | *cáywāh |
instrumental | *cáywayaH | *cáywaHbyā | *cáywaHbiš |
ablative | *cáywayaHh | *cáywaHbyā | *cáywaHbyah |
dative | *cáywayaHy | *cáywaHbyā | *cáywaHbyah |
genitive | *cáywayaHh | *cáywāyāh | *cáywaHnām |
locative | *cáywayaH | *cáywāyaw | *cáywaHsu |
Descendants
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: سوپ (sóp)
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: سێو (sêw)
- Northern Kurdish: sêv
- Southern Kurdish: سێف (sêf)
- Laki: سێف (sêf)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *sáywā
- Caspian:
- Gilaki: سئب (seb)
- Gurgani: [Term?] (sep)
- Old Mazanderani: سه (se)
- Aftari: [script needed] (sey)
- Mazanderani: سه (se), سف (sef), سیف (sīf)
- Yushiji: [script needed] (sif), [script needed] (sefak)
- Old Median: *sáywā
- Middle Median: *sḗwa
- Alviri-Vidari: سیب (sīb)
- Kermanic:
- Abuzeydabadi, Abyanehi, Naraqi, Mahallati, Qalhari, Qohrudi: sōw
- Badrudi, Farizandi, Hanjani: sou
- Jowshaqani, Komjani, Tarehi, Yarandi: sāv
- Meymehi: sō
- Sivandi: sōw, sōwe
- Tafreshi:
- Amorehi: [script needed] (söa)
- Ashtiani, Vafsi: [script needed] (siya)
- Kahaki: [script needed] (siye)
- Proto-Tatic: *sḗwa
- Old Tati:
- Old Azari: سیو (sīw)
- Central Tati:
- Asalemi, Taleshdulabi: سیف (sif)
- Karganrudi: سهف (sef)
- Lavandvili: سیف (sēf)
- Northern Tati:
- Harzani: سو (sev)
- Karingani: سیو (siv)
- Southern Tati: f
- Chali, Ebrahimabadi, Takestani: اسیفا (asifa)
- Sagzabadi: اسوا (asua)
- Takestani: اسیفه (asife)
- Talysh:
- Northern Talysh:
- Lankarani: sef
- Southern Talysh:
- Masali: سیف (sif)
- Masulei: سهف (sef)
- Northern Talysh:
- Old Tati:
- Middle Median: *sḗwa
- Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
- Gurani: ساۋێ (sāvi), سەۋێ (savi)
- Zazaki: sa, say, saye, sawî
- Caspian:
- Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian:
- Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (syp̄ /sēb/)
- Bakhtiari: سیڤ (sīv), سیو (seyw)
- Northern Luri: سؽڤ (sêv)
- Classical Persian: سیب (sēb), سیو (sēw)
- Dari: سیب (sēb)
- Iranian Persian: سیب (sīb)
- Tajik: ceб (seb)
- → Hindustani:
- Hindi: सेब (seb)
- Urdu: سیب (seb)
- → Kannada: ಸೇಬು (sēbu)
- → Oriya: ସେବ (sebô)
- → Pashto: سېب (seb), سېو (sew)
- → Parachi: sēb, sēw (“apple, female breast”)[1]
- → Punjabi:
- Gurmukhi: ਸੇਬ (seb)
- Shahmukhi: سیب (seb)
- → Rohingya: sép
- → Wakhi: sēb (“small apple”)[2]
- → Yagnobi: ceб (sēb)[3]
- Middle Persian:
- → Sanskrit: सेव n (seva), सेवि n (sevi)[4] (see there for further descendants)
Further reading
- Borjian, Habib (2008), “The Extinct Language of Gurgan: Its Sources and Origins”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, page 700
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001), “seva-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 520
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1973), “Chapter 7: Feminine nouns in -a in Western Iranian dialects”, in Irano-Dardica (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 5), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN
References
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1929), “sēb”, in Parachi and Ormuri (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume I, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 286
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1938), “sēb”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 539
- Novák, Ľubomír (2010), “sēb”, in Jaghnóbsko-český slovník (s přehledem jaghnóbské gramatiky) [Yaghnobi-Czech Dictionary with an Outline of Yaghnobi Grammar] (in Czech), Prague: Charles University in Prague, page 151
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “sēvi”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press