Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/ciθráh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čitrás.

Adjective

*ciθráh[1][2]

visible
beautiful

Noun

*ciθráh[2]

appearance, likeness
nature, aspect
face

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ciθráh	*ciθrā́	*ciθrā́
vocative	*ciθra	*ciθrā́	*ciθrā́
accusative	*ciθrám	*ciθrā́	*ciθrā́nh
instrumental	*ciθrā́	*ciθráybyaH	*ciθrā́yš
ablative	*ciθrā́t	*ciθráybyaH	*ciθráybyah
dative	*ciθrā́y	*ciθráybyaH	*ciθráybyah
genitive	*ciθráhya	*ciθráyāh	*ciθrā́nam
locative	*ciθráy	*ciθráyaw	*ciθráyšu

Derived terms

Proto-Iranian: *čiθrákah[3]
- Baluchi: چهرگ‎ (čihrag)
- Gilaki: چره‎ (čəre)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: çehre (čahra)
- Old Mazanderani: چیره‎ (čēra ~ čīra)
  - Mazanderani: چیره‎ (čīre)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡𐫃‎ (cyhrg /čihrag/)
- Pashto: څيره‎ (cēra), څېره‎ (cera)
- → Old Persian: *čiθrakaʰ
  - Middle Persian: (/čihrag/)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cyhlk')
    Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭰𐭤𐭫𐭪𐭩‎ (chlky)
    - Classical Persian: چهره‎ (čihra, “face”)
      - Dari: چهره‎ (čihra)
      - Iranian Persian: چهره‎ (čehre)
      - Tajik: чиҳра (čihra)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀‎ (ciθra)
  - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀‎ (gaociθra)
    - → Middle Persian: (/gōčihr, gōzihr/, “Dragon, lunar node; eclipse”)
      Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (gwcyhr)
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwcyhl)
      - Classical Persian: گوزهر‎ (gawzahr, “lunar node; a kind of reptile”)
        → Arabic: جوزهر‎ (jawzahar, “lunar node; Moon sphere”)
        → Persian: جوزهر‎ (jowzahar, “lunar node”)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Old Ossetic: τζηρθε (tzērthe)
  - Ossetian:
    Digor: цирт (cirt)
    Iron: цырт (cyrt)
  - → Chechen: чурт (čurt)
  - → Ingush: чурт (čurt)
  - →? Old Georgian: ჭორტი (č̣orṭi)
    - Georgian: ჭორტი (č̣orṭi), ჭორტე (č̣orṭe)
  - → Proto-Slavic: *čьrtъ (see there for further descendants)
  - → Svan: ჩირთ (čirt)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: څېر‎ (cer)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Old Mazanderani: چیر‎ (čēr ~ čīr)
    - Mazanderani: چیر‎ (čīr, “face”) (poetic)
  - Parthian: (/čihr/)
    Inscriptional Parthian: 𐭔𐭉𐭇𐭓‎ (šyhr)
    Manichaean: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡‎ (cyhr)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (c-i-ç /čiçaʰ/)
→ Old Persian: *ciθraʰ, 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (c-i-ç /čiçaʰ/)
- Middle Persian: (/čihr/)
  Manichaean: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡‎ (cyhr)
  Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cyhl)
  - Classical Persian: چهر‎ (cihr)

References

Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 39
Asatrian, Garnik S. (2011) A Comparative Vocabulary of Central Iranian Dialects‎ (in Persian and English), Tehran: Safir Ardehal Publications, page 101
Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “cargˈand”, in Elfenbein, J.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 39

[Asatrian-2] Asatrian, Garnik S. (2011) A Comparative Vocabulary of Central Iranian Dialects‎ (in Persian and English), Tehran: Safir Ardehal Publications, page 101

[3] Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “cargˈand”, in Elfenbein, J.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN