Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ȷ́ʰimás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰimós (“cold, frost”).

Noun

*ȷ́ʰimás m

cold, frost
winter

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ȷ́ʰimas	*ȷ́ʰimā	*ȷ́ʰimā, -ās(as)
vocative	*ȷ́ʰima	*ȷ́ʰimā	*ȷ́ʰimā, -ās(as)
accusative	*ȷ́ʰimam	*ȷ́ʰimā	*ȷ́ʰimāns
instrumental	*ȷ́ʰimā	*ȷ́ʰimaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*ȷ́ʰimāyš
ablative	*ȷ́ʰimāt	*ȷ́ʰimaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*ȷ́ʰimaybʰyas
dative	*ȷ́ʰimāy	*ȷ́ʰimaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*ȷ́ʰimaybʰyas
genitive	*ȷ́ʰimasya	*ȷ́ʰimayās	*ȷ́ʰimāna(H)m
locative	*ȷ́ʰimay	*ȷ́ʰimayaw	*ȷ́ʰimayšu

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *źʰimás
- Sanskrit: हिम (himá)
  - Dardic: *himá
    - Gawar-Bati: ہم (hīm)
    - Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (hī̃)
    - Grangali: [script needed] (im)
    - Kalami: ہم‎ (him)
    - Kashmiri: [script needed] (himun, “to snow”)
    - Khowar: ہم‎ (him)
    - Northeast Pashayi: ہم (hīm)
    - Northwest Pashayi: ہم (hīm)
    - Southeast Pashayi: ہم‎ (hīm)
    - Southwest Pashayi: ہم (hīm)
    - Savi: [script needed] (hina)
    - Shina: ہم‎ (him)
    - Shumashti: [script needed] (īm)
    - Torwali: ہم‎ (him)
    - Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (īm)
  - Helu:
    - Sinhalese: හිම (hima)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀳𑀺𑀫 (hima)
    - Konkani: इंव (ĩv)
    - Marathi: हिंव (hiuv)
  - Pali: hima
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀳𑀺𑀫 (hima)
    - Garhwali: हिउँ (hiũ)
    - Gujarati: હિમ (him)
    - Hindi: हिँव (hĩv)
    - Kumaoni: हिउँ (hiũ)
    - Nepali: हिउँ (hiũ)
    - Romani: hiv
Iranian: *ȷ́imáh
- Central Iranian:
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬃‎ (ziiā̊), 𐬰𐬆𐬨𐬋‎ (zəmō)
- Northeastern Iranian:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (ysumi)
  - Wakhi: [script needed] (zam), [script needed] (zəm)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - → Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zm /zam/)
    - Persian: زم‎ (zam)
Nuristani: *ȷ́imá
- Northern Nuristani:
  - Kamkata-viri:
    Kamviri: źím
    Kativiri: zím
  - Prasuni: zímā
- Southern Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: žím
  - Tregami: źím
  - Waigali: zim