< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ćíkšati
 | This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-Iranian
Etymology
From earlier *ćíćkšeti, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱí-ḱ(e)k-se-ti, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”).[1]
Verb
*ćíkšati[2]
- to learn
- to wish to be able
Inflection
Nonfinite forms of *ćíkšati
| Infinitive | *ćíkšatum |
|---|---|
| Gerund | *ćikšatwáH |
| Past passive participle | *ćikšatás |
| Future passive participle | *ćíkšyas |
Present forms of *ćíkšati
| Active | Middle | Passive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Indicative | ||||||||||
| 1st | *ćíkšaHmi | *ćíkšaHwas | *ćíkšaHmas | *ćíkšay | *ćikšáHwadʰHay | *ćikšáHmadʰHay | *ćikšyáy | *ćikšyáHwadʰHay | *ćikšyáHmadʰHay | |
| 2nd | *ćíkšasi | *ćíkšatʰas | *ćíkšatʰa | *ćíkšasay | *ćíkšaytʰay | *ćíkšadʰway | *ćikšyásay | *ćikšyáytʰay | *ćikšyádʰHway | |
| 3rd | *ćíkšati | *ćíkšatas | *ćíkšanti | *ćíkšatay | *ćíkšaytay | *ćíkšantay | *ćikšyátay | *ćikšyáytay | *ćikšyántay | |
| Imperative | ||||||||||
| 1st | *ćíkšaHni | *ćíkšaHwa | *ćíkšaHma | *ćíkšaHy | *ćikšáHwadʰHaHy | *ćikšáHmadʰHaHy | *ćikšyáHy | *ćikšyáHwadʰHaHy | *ćikšyáHmadʰHaHy | |
| 2nd | *ćíkša | *ćíkšatam | *ćíkšata | *ćíkšaswa | *ćíkšaytʰām | *ćíkšadʰHwam | *ćikšyáswa | *ćikšyáytʰām | *ćikšyádʰHwam | |
| 3rd | *ćíkšatu | *ćíkšatām | *ćíkšantu | *ćíkšatām | *ćíkšaytām | *ćíkšantam | *ćikšyátām | *ćikšyáytām | *ćikšyántam | |
| Optative | ||||||||||
| 1st | *ćíkšayHam | *ćíkšaywa | *ćíkšaymas | *ćíkšayHa | *ćikšáywadʰHi | *ćikšáymadʰHi | *ćikšyáyHa | *ćikšyáywadʰHi | *ćikšyáymadʰHi | |
| 2nd | *ćíkšays | *ćíkšaytam | *ćíkšayta | *ćíkšaytʰās | *ćikšáyHātʰām | *ćíkšaydʰHwam | *ćikšyáytʰās | *ćikšyáyHātʰām | *ćikšyáydʰHwam | |
| 3rd | *ćíkšayt | *ćíkšaytām | *ćíkšayHunt | *ćíkšayta | *ćikšáyHātām | *ćíkšayrant | *ćikšyáyta | *ćikšyáyHātām | *ćikšyáyrant | |
| Participles | *ćíkšant | *ćíkšamHnas | *ćikšyámHnas | |||||||
Imperfect forms of *ćíkšati
| Active | Middle | Passive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Indicative | ||||||||||
| 1st | *áćikšam | *aćíkšaHwa | *aćíkšaHma | *áćikšay | *aćikšáHwadʰHi | *aćikšáHmadʰHi | *aćikšyáy | *aćikšyáHwadʰHi | *aćikšyáHmadʰHi | |
| 2nd | *áćikšas | *aćíkšatam | *aćíkšata | *aćíkšatʰās | *aćíkšaytʰām | *aćíkšadʰHwam | *aćikšyátʰās | *aćikšyáytʰām | *aćikšyádʰHwam | |
| 3rd | *áćikšat | *aćíkšatām | *áćikšant | *aćíkšata | *aćíkšaytām | *aćíkšanta | *aćikšyáta | *aćikšyáytām | *aćikšyánta | |
Descendants
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíkṣati
- Sanskrit: शिक्षति (śíkṣati)
- Proto-Iranian: *cíxšati
- Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (sixšəmna, “learned”, ptc.pres.med.), 𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬌 (asixšaṇti, “not learning”, ptc.pres.act.(neg.)), 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sixšaiia), 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sixšiia, “to be learned”, gerundive)
References
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑ek(u̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 322
- Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “śikṣ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University