Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wŕ̥kas

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Cognate with Latin lupus, Proto-Germanic *wulfaz (whence English wolf).

Noun

*wŕ̥kas m

wolf

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wŕ̥kas	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kā, -ās(as)
vocative	*wŕ̥ka	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kā, -ās(as)
accusative	*wŕ̥kam	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kāns
instrumental	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wŕ̥kāyš
ablative	*wŕ̥kāt	*wŕ̥kaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wŕ̥kaybʰyas
dative	*wŕ̥kāy	*wŕ̥kaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wŕ̥kaybʰyas
genitive	*wŕ̥kasya	*wŕ̥kayās	*wŕ̥kāna(H)m
locative	*wŕ̥kay	*wŕ̥kayaw	*wŕ̥kayšu

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *wŕ̥kas[1]
- Sanskrit: वृक (vṛ́ka)
  - → Hindi: वृक (vŕk)
  - → Telugu: వృకము (vr̥kamu)
  - Dardic: *vŕ̥ka
    - Shina: उरुक (uruk)
  - Pali: vaka
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: [Term?]
    - Gujarati: વરુ (varu)
Iranian: *wŕ̥kah (see there for further descendants)
→ Mordvinic: [Term?][2]
- Erzya: верьгес (verʹges)
- Moksha: верьгас (verʹgas)

References

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “vŕ̊ka (12062)”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN

[1] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “vŕ̊ka (12062)”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

[2] Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN