Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ud-

< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ud-

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).

Prefix

*ud-[1]

1. up, upwards, away, out of

Descendants

• Indo-Aryan: *ud-
  • Sanskrit: उद् (ud-, pref.)
• Iranian: *uj-, *uc- (< *udᶻ-, *utˢ-, generalized from the position before dentals)
  • Avestan: 𐬎𐬯-‎ (us-), 𐬎𐬰-‎ (uz-)
  • Khotanese: [script needed] (uys-)
  • Kurdish: zi-
  • Ossetian: с- (s-)
  • Parthian: [script needed] ('z-), [script needed] ('s-)
  • Old Persian: [script needed] (us-), [script needed] (uz-), [script needed] (ud-)
    • Middle Persian: [script needed] ('wz-), [script needed] ('z-), [script needed] ('s-)
      • Persian: از-‎ (az-), آز-‎ (āz-), ز-‎ (zi-)
  • Sogdian: [script needed] ('z-)

References

1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214