Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/takrám

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tn̥k-ló- (“buttermilk”). Compare Old English þēl.

Noun

*takrám n

buttermilk

Declension

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*takrám	*takráy	*takráH
vocative	*takrám	*takráy	*takráH
accusative	*takrám	*takráy	*takráH
instrumental	*takrā́	*takráybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*takrā́yš
ablative	*takrā́t	*takráybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*takráybʰyas
dative	*takrā́y	*takráybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*takráybʰyas
genitive	*takrásya	*takráyās	*takrā́na(H)m
locative	*takráy	*takráyaw	*takráyšu

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *takrám
- Sanskrit: तक्र (takrá)
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀓𑁆𑀓 (takka)
    - Bengali: টক (ṭôk, “sour, acid”)
  - Dardic:
    - Khowar: [script needed] (trok, “bitter”)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀓𑁆𑀓 (takka)
    - Marathi: ताक (tāk, “buttermilk”)
  - Pali: takka
Iranian: *taxrám ~ *taxlám
- Gurani: تاڵ‎ (tāł), تاڵ‎ (tāła)
- Middle Persian: tʾhl (taxl)
  - Persian: تلخ‎ (talx, “bitter”)
    - → Hindi: तल्ख़ (talx, “bitter”)
  - Tajik: талх (talx, “bitter”)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: tehl (tahl), te’l (ta’l), tal (tāl, “bitter”)
  Central Kurdish: تاڵ‎ (tāł, “bitter”)
  Southern Kurdish: تیەڵ‎ (tyał, “bitter”)
  Laki: تەڵ‎ (tał, “bitter”)
- Zazaki: ta’l (tāł, “bitter”)

References

Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 611-612
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 262
MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “takrá (5617)”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press