Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/krā́mHti

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Unknown;[1] presumably from earlier *krḗmH-ti ~ *krémH-n̥ti.[2]

Verb

*krā́mHti[2]

to stride, go
Synonym: *krā́mHati

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krā́mHati
- Sanskrit: क्रामति (krāmati)
  - ⇒ Sanskrit: क्रम (kráma) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Sanskrit: सम्क्रम (samkramá, “passage, bridge”)[3]
    - Assamese: সাঁকো (xãkü)
    - Bengali: সাঁকো (sãko)
    - Hindi: साँका (sā̃kā), साँखो (sā̃kho), साँखू (sā̃khū), साँखा (sā̃khā)
    - Kumaoni: साँगो, साँङो
    - Marathi: सांकव (sāṅkav), सांकू (sāṅkū)
    - Nepali: साँगु (sā̃gu), साँघु (sā̃ghu)
    - Oriya: ସାଙ୍କୁଆ (saṅkua)
    - Pali: saṅkama
Proto-Iranian: *xrā́mHti[1][4]
- Old Persian: *xrāmiti
  - ⇒ Old Persian: *āxrāmiti (+ 𐎠 (a-)[1])
    - Middle Persian: (“to stride”)
      Manichaean: 𐫀𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫖‎ (ʾxrʾm)
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhlʾmydyt /āxrāmēd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)
      - Classical Persian: خرامیدن‎ (xirāmidan, xarāmidan)
        Iranian Persian: خرامیدن‎ (xarâmidan)
        Dari: خرامیدن‎ (xirâmidan)
        Tajik: хиромидан (xiromidan)
- Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ǧrāmiti
  - Wakhi: čərəmd, čirimd (3sg.), čərəng (pf.), črəngtu, črəngtыw (“to go in, enter”, subj.)
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *tiǧrāmiti (+ *ti- < *ati-[5])
    - Proto-Saka: *tīrāmiti
      - Khotanese: [script needed] (trāmäte, “to enter, cross”)
- Sogdian: (/xrām/, “to move, go”, 2sg.pres.impv.)
  Manichaean: 𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫖‎ (xrʾm)
  Sogdian: 𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼺‎ (ɣrʾm)
  Old Sogdian: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼍‎ (ɣrʾm), 𐼉𐼘𐼀𐼍‎ (xrʾm)

References

Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*xrāmH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 449
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “kramⁱ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “12834”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “čərm-, čər(ə)m-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN
Bailey, H. W. (1979), “tram-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 142-143

[EDIV-1] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*xrāmH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 449

[IAIL-2] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “kramⁱ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[3] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “12834”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

[4] Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “čərm-, čər(ə)m-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN

[5] Bailey, H. W. (1979), “tram-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 142-143