Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kapā́las

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kapōlo-.

Noun

*kapā́las m

(anatomy) skull

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kapā́las	*kapā́lā	*kapā́lā, -ās(as)
vocative	*kapā́la	*kapā́lā	*kapā́lā, -ās(as)
accusative	*kapā́lam	*kapā́lā	*kapā́lāns
instrumental	*kapā́lā	*kapā́laybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*kapā́lāyš
ablative	*kapā́lāt	*kapā́laybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*kapā́laybʰyas
dative	*kapā́lāy	*kapā́laybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*kapā́laybʰyas
genitive	*kapā́lasya	*kapā́layās	*kapā́lāna(H)m
locative	*kapā́lay	*kapā́layaw	*kapā́layšu

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *kapā́las
- Sanskrit: कपाल (kapā́la)
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀸𑀟 (kavāḍa)
  - → Classical Malay: [Term?]
    - Banjarese: kapala
    - Malay: kepala
      - → Balinese: ᬓᭂᬧᬮ (kepala)
      - → Maranao: kapala
      - Indonesian: kepala
        → Lindu: kapala
  - → Classical Newar: कपाल, कपार
    - Newar: कपा (kapā)
  - → Classical Tibetan: ཀ་པཱ་ལ
    - Tibetan: ཀ་པཱ་ལ (ka pā la)
      - → Chinese: 嘎巴拉
      - → English: kapala
      - → French: kapala
    - → Middle Mongolian: [Term?]
      - Classical Mongolian: ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ (ɣabala)
        Mongolian: ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ (ɣabala), гавал (gaval)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀮𑁆𑀮 (kavalla)
    - Old Marathi: [Term?]
      - Marathi: कौल (kaul, “tile”)
  - → Middle Chinese: 迦波羅 (MC kɨɑ|kˠa puɑ lɑ)
    - → Old Japanese: [script needed] (kapara)
      - Japanese: 骨, 瓦 (kawara)
  - → Old Javanese: [script needed] (kapāla)
    - Javanese: ꦏꦥꦭ (kapala)
  - Pali: kapāla, kapalla
    - → Old Khmer: [script needed] (kapāla), [script needed] (kpāla)
      - → Khmer: ក្បាល (kbaal)
    - → Lao: ກະບານ (ka bān)
    - → Thai: กบาล
Iranian: *kapā́lah
- Gurani: کاپۆڵیە‎ (kāpɔłiya)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: kepû (kapū), kepî (kapī),
  Central Kurdish: کەپۆ‎ (kapō), کەپۆڵ‎ (kapōł), کەپۆڵک‎ (kapōłik), کاپۆڵ‎ (kāpōł), کاپۆڵک‎ (kāpōłik)
  Southern Kurdish: کەپوو‎ (kapū), کەپووڵ‎ (kapūł), کەپووڵک‎ (kapūłik)
  Laki: کەپووڵک‎ (kapūłik)

References

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “kapā́la (137)”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press